This episode serves as the introduction to the series on the 2025 AACE Dyslipidemia Management Algorithm, focusing on patient centered risk assessment and lifestyle based prevention strategies.

• Covers ASCVD and pancreatitis risk evaluation, lifestyle modification, and shared decision making.

• Introduces ASCVD risk classification, validated risk calculators, and integrated cardiometabolic management.

• Highlights the importance of equity, medication access, and long term adherence.

In this episode, we review recommendations 73 to 84 from the 2025 American Thyroid Association guidelines on managing radioiodine refractory differentiated thyroid cancer and survivorship care.
Key topics include:

• Use of immunotherapy, redifferentiation therapy, and local or systemic treatments for advanced disease.

• Pregnancy management, including timing of surgery, imaging considerations, and TSH goals.

• Long term follow up focusing on side effect monitoring, financial counseling, and psychosocial support.

In this episode, we review recommendations 57 to 72 from the 2025 American Thyroid Association guidelines on the management of radioiodine avid and radioiodine refractory differentiated thyroid cancer.
Key topics include:

• The role of RAI therapy for iodine avid bone metastases and rising thyroglobulin levels

• Criteria and management strategies for RAIR disease

• Monitoring and follow up of stable or progressive RAIR metastatic DTC

• Indications for molecular testing and tissue based biomarker assessment

• Recommended systemic therapies including multikinase inhibitors (lenvatinib, sorafenib, cabozantinib)

• Targeted therapies for NTRK, RET, ALK, and BRAFV600E mutations

• Dose management, adverse event monitoring, and strategies for treatment sequencing

• The importance of tumor biopsy and next-generation sequencing to guide therapy for resistant disease

In this episode, we review recommendations 51 to 56 from the 2025 American Thyroid Association guidelines on long term management of differentiated thyroid cancer. Key topics include:

• The role of ongoing (dynamic) risk stratification in individualized patient management

• Decision making for reoperative neck surgery and alternative local therapies such as ethanol and RFA

• Indications for additional RAI therapy for cervical lymph node metastases

• The role of EBRT in unresectable locoregional recurrences

• Radioactive iodine dosing strategies and preparation methods, including dosimetry and TSH stimulation

• Management of metastatic disease with RAI, including treatment of pulmonary micrometastases and macronodular metastases

In this episode, we review recommendations 45 to 50 from the 2025 American Thyroid Association guidelines on long term management of differentiated thyroid cancer. Key topics include:

• Individualization of TSH suppression strategy

• Long term considerations for TSH suppression in low and intermediate risk patients

• Monitoring serum thyroglobulin and Tg antibodies as markers of disease status

• Follow up protocols for low risk differentiated thyroid cancer, including when to discontinue ultrasound and biochemical monitoring

• The role of radioiodine whole body scintigraphy in follow up care

•Indications for advanced imaging with fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT in high risk patients

In this episode, we break down recommendations 41 to 44 from the 2025 American Thyroid Association guidelines on differentiated thyroid cancer management. Key topics include:

• Patient counseling on the small risk of second primary malignancy after RAI

• Baseline labs: complete blood count and kidney function before RAI therapy

• Reproductive considerations: pregnancy precautions, nursing patient guidance, and fertility counseling

• Adjuvant external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) for high risk cases, balancing locoregional control with potential toxicity

In this episode, we review key updates from the 2025 American Thyroid Association guidelines on surveillance and radioactive iodine management for adult patients with differentiated thyroid cancer.

• Surveillance: Ultrasound as first line follow up; 6 to12 month intervals; FNA for nodes ≥10 mm; CT or PET for rising thyroglobulin without visible disease

• Radioactive Iodine: Not routine in low risk; recommended for high risk and metastatic cases; role in oncocytic thyroid carcinoma still uncertain

• Preparation for RAI Therapy: Recombinant TSH preferred; TSH goal greater than 30 mIU/L; low iodine diet before treatment

• Imaging: Pre and post therapy scans are essential

• Safety: Oral and written radiation precautions for patients and families

• Adverse Effects: Salivary gland dysfunction, xerostomia, and lacrimal duct problems, with hydration and preventive dental care recommended

• Takeaway: Ultrasound and thyroglobulin trends guide surveillance, RAI therapy should be tailored to patient risk, and careful preparation along with safety measures are critical for long term management

In this episode, we break down recommendations 21 to 30 from the 2025 American Thyroid Association guidelines on differentiated thyroid cancer management. Key topics include:

• Preoperative discussion of surgical risks, including nerve and parathyroid injury

• Preoperative and postoperative voice assessment and laryngeal examination

• Intraoperative nerve identification and monitoring strategies

• Parathyroid preservation and autotransplantation, with calcium and vitamin D supplementation

• Avoidance of routine thyroidectomy drains

• Pathology reporting beyond AJCC staging, including vascular invasion, nodal status, and histologic subtypes

• Updated 2025 risk stratification and ATA response criteria

• Postoperative thyroglobulin measurement for guiding further management

In this episode, we review key updates from the 2025 American Thyroid Association guidelines on surgical management for adult patients with differentiated thyroid cancer.

• Surgery by tumor size: lobectomy for small, low risk tumors; total thyroidectomy for larger or advanced tumors

• Thyroglossal duct carcinoma: Sistrunk procedure and thyroidectomy for higher risk cases

• Central and lateral neck lymph node surgery: therapeutic vs. prophylactic approaches

• General surgical principles: avoid overtreatment, preserve thyroid function, and maximize oncologic control

• Numbers to remember: tumor sizes, surgical approaches, and key risk based strategies

This bonus summary episode distills the Endocrine Society’s 2025 guideline updates on primary aldosteronism into high yield pearls for clinical practice and board preparation. Key topics include:

• Broad screening for hypertensive patients regardless of potassium status

• Diagnostic evaluation with the aldosterone to renin ratio

• Selective use of suppression testing and updated terminology

• Adrenal vein sampling (AVS) as the gold standard for lateralization

• Surgical vs. medical management based on disease laterality

• Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist therapy, titration, and renin response

• Cortisol cosecretion testing and its role in surgical planning

• Individualized treatment strategies to improve cardiovascular and metabolic outcomes

In this episode, we review key updates from the 2025 ATA guidelines on surgical referral, imaging, and risk based management for adult patients with differentiated thyroid cancer.

• Referral to high volume thyroid surgeons (≥25 to 50/year) for better outcomes

• Comprehensive neck ultrasound; FNA for suspicious nodes ≥8 to 10 mm

• Use CT or MRI if ultrasound is insufficient for invasive or bulky disease

• Avoid routine preoperative thyroglobulin, antibody testing, and genomic profiling unless it informs surgical planning

• Active surveillance for very low risk papillary thyroid cancers (≤1 cm, intrathyroidal)

• Percutaneous ablation as an alternative for select low risk patients

• Indications for surgery: tumor growth ≥3 mm, nodal metastases, extrathyroidal extension, or patient preference

This episode reviews the Endocrine Society’s 2025 guideline updates on managing primary aldosteronism after initial screening.

• When suppression testing is indicated or unnecessary

• Cortisol cosecretion in adrenal adenomas and surgical planning

• Role of adrenal vein sampling (AVS) in determining laterality, with rare exceptions

• Treatment strategies for unilateral vs bilateral disease

• MRA therapy, titration approach, and importance of renin response

In this episode, we review the ATA 2025 thyroid cancer guideline updates on tumors of uncertain malignant potential and when germline genetic testing is appropriate.

Topics include:

• NIFTP and related tumors with strict pathologic criteria and low malignant risk

• Management pearls and pitfalls of overtreatment

• Indications for germline testing (PTEN, DICER1, APC, Carney complex, Werner syndrome)

• Why non-syndromic familial thyroid cancer does not justify routine testing

• Screening approaches for relatives and risks of overdiagnosis

• Interpreting tumor sequencing results and confirming germline variants

This episode reviews medications and hormonal therapies that can falsely raise the Aldosterone-to-Renin Ratio (ARR), creating false-positive results in primary aldosteronism screening.

• Covers centrally acting alpha-2 agonists, beta blockers, NSAIDs, and combined estrogen-progestin therapy.

• Explains mechanisms for PAC and renin changes, highlighting discordance between PRA vs DRC assays.

• Reviews practical withdrawal timelines (minimal vs full) to reduce confounding before ARR testing.

This episode reviews my key notes on medications and factors that can falsely lower the Aldosterone-to-Renin Ratio (ARR), leading to missed cases of primary aldosteronism.

• Organized into strong, intermediate, and weak confounders for quick clinical reference.

• Includes the most important non-medication factor to correct before testing: hypokalemia.

• Four-part series highlighting my personal notes and key clinical insights from the newly released 2025 Endocrine Society guidelines on Primary Aldosteronism• Each episode translates complex recommendations into practical, board-focused guidance you can apply immediately• Episode 1 features two ready-to-use tools: • Clear patient instructions to follow before lab testing • Detailed instruction sheet for lab technicians

What’s the deal with Lipoprotein(a)? This high-yield episode breaks down exactly why Lp(a) is gaining attention as a critical cardiovascular risk factor. It's genetically determined, stable for life, and not modified by lifestyle. Dr. Beg reviews who needs testing, when to test (spoiler: once is often enough), and how Lp(a) contributes to atherosclerosis, inflammation, and calcific aortic valve disease.

We’ll also dive into current and emerging treatment options including PCSK9 inhibitors and promising RNA-based therapies like Pelacarsen and Olpasiran and clarify when Lp(a) testing is essential for your board prep, LKA, or everyday patient care.

🩺 Perfect for:
• Internal medicine & endocrine board review
• LKA prep
• Clinicians managing lipid disorders or ASCVD risk

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Ready to master MASLD and MASH for your boards and daily practice? This episode cuts straight to the chase, delivering crucial, latest pearls on this evolving liver disease. We cover everything from new terminology and risk factors (including PCOS), to statin use, screening essentials (FIB-4, FibroScan), and the latest treatments including FDA-approved Resmetirom. Get sharp on diagnosis, management, and referral. Perfect for board prep, LKA, and refining your patient care. Want episode notes? Subscribe at ezendoprep.com.

Are you staying sharp for boards or brushing up on practical diabetes care? This quick episode covers the most up to date vaccine guidelines for patients with diabetes…straight from board review content. Learn how to apply CDC recommendations on Hepatitis B, Pneumococcal, Influenza, RSV, COVID-19, and Shingles. Discover smart memory tricks and practical clinical decision points to keep you board ready and real world sharp.

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