In this episode, I explore the history, science, and clinical promise of psychedelics. This was actually my Master's Thesis topic so very fun episode for me! We cover everything from how the psychedelics actually work, by acting brain (serotonin) receptors to increase neuroplasticity (make your brain more malleable), disrupt rigid brain patterns, and increase brain "entropy"... and, more importantly, why those effects may help us treat conditions such as PTSD and treatment‑resistant depression. The episode also discusses the current clinical evidence (including a critical appraisal of its robustness), logisitcal and ethical challenges, and the importance of use within therapeutic / research settings only. As always, find a full bibliography below: Carhart-Harris & Goodwin (2017), “The Therapeutic Potential of Psychedelic Drugs: Past, Present, and Future,” Neuropsychopharmacology - This one is a very good foundation if you only have time to read one paper, it should be this one!! Yaden & Griffiths (2021), “The Subjective Effects of Psychedelics Are Necessary for Their Enduring Therapeutic Effects,” ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science - This is great to read into the question of "is the trip actually necessary?" Mitchell JM et al. MDMA-assisted therapy for severe PTSD: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 3 study. Nature Medicine. 2021. Mitchell JM et al. MDMA-assisted therapy for PTSD: results of a second Phase 3 randomized trial in a diverse cohort. Nature Medicine. 2023. Carhart-Harris RL et al. Trial of psilocybin-assisted therapy versus escitalopram for major depressive disorder. New England Journal of Medicine. 2021. Davis AK et al. Effects of psilocybin-assisted therapy on major depressive disorder: outcomes at 1 and 4 weeks. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020. Raison CL et al. Psilocybin versus niacin placebo for major depressive disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2023. Bogenschutz MP et al. Psilocybin-assisted treatment for alcohol use disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2022. Griffiths RR et al. Psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life-threatening cancer. Journal of Psychopharmacology. 2016. Luoma JB et al. Meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials of psychedelic-assisted therapy. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 2020. Fang Y et al. Psilocybin for depressive and anxiety symptoms: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2024. Romeo B et al. Safety of psychedelic-assisted therapies: systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research. 2024. Hinkle JT et al. Adverse events in psychedelic-assisted therapy: a systematic review and pooled analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2024. Siegel AN et al. Persistent decreases in hippocampus-default-mode connectivity following psilocybin correlate with mood improvement. Nature. 2024. Ly C et al. Psychedelics promote structural and functional neural plasticity. Cell Reports. 2018. Carhart-Harris RL, Friston KJ. REBUS and the anarchic brain: toward a unified model of the brain action of psychedelics. Pharmacological Reviews. 2019. Griffiths RR et al. Psilocybin-occasioned mystical-type experience in humans: relationship to persisting positive effects. Psychopharmacology. 2019. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Guidance for Industry: Expedited Programs for Serious Conditions. Drugs and Biologics (Breakthrough Therapy Designation). FDA; 2014 (update). Compass Pathways plc. Phase 3 program design of COMP360 (synthetic psilocybin) for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Business Wire/Investor Press Release. 2024. Johnson MW, Garcia-Romeu A, et al. Pilot study of psilocybin-facilitated smoking cessation treatment: long-term follow-up outcomes. Journal of Psychopharmacology. 2017.

In this episode of Science Savvy, I explore how memory shapes identity and human culture. The episode covers the evolutionary origins of memory, the brain regions involved, how memories are encoded, and how therapies (including MDMA) can help heal traumatic memories. You will also get practical tips to improve your memory! About Science Savvy: My name is Carmen Fairley, I have a background in pharmacology and biomedical engineering, and currently work in medical advisory. Science Savvy is a podcast that makes cutting-edge research accessible, turning complex science into stories that mean something for you. Citations / Bibliography: Chudek, Maciej, and Joseph Henrich. “Culture-gene coevolution, norm-psychology and the emergence of human prosociality.” Trends in cognitive sciences vol. 15,5 (2011): 218-26. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.03.003 Brockmeier, Jens. “Memory, Narrative, and the Consequences.” Topics in cognitive science vol. 11,4 (2019): 821-824. doi:10.1111/tops.12412 Sridhar, S., et al. Cognitive neuroscience perspective on memory. PMC 2023 Markowitsch, H. J. Memory and Self–Neuroscientific Landscapes. PMC 2013 D’Argembeau, A., et al. Brains creating stories of selves: the neural basis of autobiographical reasoning. PMC 2013 Martinelli, P., et al. Neural substrates of the self‑memory system: New insights. PMC 2012 Richerson, P. J., & Boyd, R. Gene‑culture coevolution in the age of genomics. PMC 2010 Strikwerda‑Brown, C., et al. “All is not lost” – Rethinking the nature of memory and self in dementia. PMC 2019 Repetto, C., et al. The neuroscience of body memory: Recent findings and implications. PMC 2023 Dégeilh, F., et al. Neural correlates of Self and its interaction with memory in adolescence. PMC 2015 Pais‑Vieira, C., et al. The influence of self‑awareness on emotional memory. PMC 2015

In this episode of Science Savvy, I sit down with Elena Muyo, Scientific Projects & Partnerships Lead at CRIS Cancer UK, to uncover how this unique charity is rewriting the future of cancer research. From dual CAR-T trials in children with leukemia, to a first-in-class lung cancer vaccine, to pioneering treatments for devastating childhood brain tumors, CRIS Cancer is driving science that gives patients options when medicine says “there’s nothing more we can do.” We talk about the incredible story that started it all, how CRIS selects and funds projects that others overlook, and why every pound donated has a multiplying effect on hope and discovery. If you’ve ever wondered how patient-driven science can change the course of cancer treatment, this is the episode for you. About Science Savvy: My name is Carmen Fairley, I have a background in pharmacology and biomedical engineering, and currently work in medical advisory. Science Savvy is the podcast that makes cutting-edge research accessible, turning complex science into stories that mean something for you. Citations / Bibliography: National Cancer Institute. What Is CAR T-Cell Therapy? cancer.gov Maude SL, Frey N, Shaw PA, et al. Chimeric antigen receptor T cells for sustained remissions in leukemia. New England Journal of Medicine. (also available via PMC) Fesnak AD, June CH, Levine BL. Engineering T cells: the intersection of synthetic biology and adoptive cell therapy. Nature Reviews Cancer. June CH, Sadelain M. Chimeric antigen receptor therapy. New England Journal of Medicine. Newick K, Moon E, Albelda SM. CAR T cell therapy for solid tumors. Annual Review of Medicine. Frontiers in Immunology / Frontiers in Oncology. Articles on CAR-T in solid tumors and tumor microenvironment challenges. Cancer Research UK / CRIS Cancer Foundation. LungVax project announcement. news.cancerresearchuk.org Elliott T (et al.). Details of neoantigen-based lung cancer vaccine design (as reported by CRUK) BioNTech / mRNA vaccine clinical trial reports (e.g., BNT116 in lung cancer). PMC articles / reviews on checkpoint inhibitors in lung cancer (e.g. anti‑PD‑1 / anti‑PD‑L1 therapies). Frontiers in Immunology / Frontiers in Oncology – studies combining immunotherapy in thoracic cancers, mechanisms of resistance, tumor microenvironment. National Cancer Institute / NIH press / Cancer Currents. CAR T trial in DMG. Studies on ONC201 in H3K27M mutant gliomas (e.g. University of Michigan / clinical trial reports). Reviews of prognosis and therapeutic challenges in diffuse midline glioma (e.g., clinical trial databases, Pediatric Neuro‑Oncology journals). American Cancer Society / Cancer.org. Overview of Clinical Trial Phases. Cancer Research UK. Explanation of how clinical trials work, purposes of phases I, II, III. Lupus Research / NIH / NCI / adaptive trial methodology sources. Phase I/II and Phase II/III design explanations.

In this episode we talk about "having great genes", but also weird ones, ancient viral ones, and even one named after Sonic Hedgehog (look it up!). W dive into how your DNA is more like a script with a dimmer switch than a fixed destiny. From epigenetics and retroviruses to schizophrenia research, stem cells, and the pitfalls of 23andMe, we explore the science written into your genome. Thank you to Aitana Padilla for coming on the show. Aitana is a neuroscientist in training with a deep focus on the genetics of mental health. She currently investigates how human endogenous retroviruses (remnants of ancient viral infections embedded in our DNA) may influence schizophrenia!   Further reading and references: Human Endogenous Retroviruses as Pathogenic Factors in Schizophrenia: Slokar G, Hasler G. Front Psychiatry. 2016;6:183. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00183. Implication of human endogenous retroviruses in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: Ellul P, Groc L, Leboyer M. Med Sci (Paris). 2017;33(4):404-409. doi:10.1051/medsci/20173304010. Heritability of Schizophrenia and Schizophrenia Spectrum Based on the Nationwide Danish Twin Register: Hilker R et al. Biol Psychiatry. 2018;83(6):492-498. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.08.017. Schizophrenia as a Complex Trait: Evidence from a Meta-analysis of Twin Studies: Sullivan PF et al. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60(12):1187-1192. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.12.1187. Huntington's Disease: A Clinical Review: Roos RA. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2010;5:40. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-5-40. The Relationship Between Cannabis Use, Schizophrenia, and Bipolar Disorder: A Genetically Informed Study: Cheng W et al. Lancet Psychiatry. 2023;10(6):441-451. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(23)00143-8. Induction of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Adult Human Fibroblasts by Defined Factors: Takahashi K et al. Cell. 2007;131(5):861-872. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.11.019. Induction of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Mouse Embryonic and Adult Fibroblast Cultures by Defined Factors: Takahashi K, Yamanaka S. Cell. 2006;126(4):663-676. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.07.024. Animal Models of CNS Disorders: McGonigle P. Biochem Pharmacol. 2014;87(1):140-149. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2013.06.016. Advances Toward Precision Medicine for Bipolar Disorder: Haggarty SJ et al. Mol Psychiatry. 2021;26(1):168-185. doi:10.1038/s41380-020-0831-4.

Welcome to this Science Savvy episode on Happiness. In this episode, I explore what happiness really is from a neuroscience & evolutionary perspective, and explain why it’s a biological miracle that we feel joy at all. I have a background in pharmacology and biomedical engineering, and in this episode I cover why dopamine gets all the hype (but shouldn’t), how gratitude rewires your brain, why you’re not supposed to be happy all the time, and what Tibetan monks can teach us about brain waves and contentment. Science Savvy helps you understand the systems shaping your thoughts, health, and behavior. If you're ready to explore your body and brain with a little more clarity, you're in the right place. Further reading and references: Farhud, D. D., Malmir, M., & Khanahmadi, M. (2014). Happiness & Health: The Biological Factors – Systematic Review. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 43(11), 1468–1477. (Overview of genetic, neurochemical, hormonal, and health correlates of happiness)​ Machado, L., & Cantilino, A. (2017). A systematic review of the neural correlates of positive emotions. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 39(2), 172–179. (Review finding increased left frontal and decreased right frontal activity, among other regions, during happiness)​ Tan, J. J. X., Kraus, M. W., Carpenter, N. C., & Adler, N. E. (2020). The association between objective and subjective socioeconomic status and subjective well-being: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 146(11), 970–1020. (Meta-analysis of 335 studies; reports an average income-happiness correlation of ~0.23)​ Killingsworth, M. A. (2021). Experienced well-being rises with income, even above $75,000 per year. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(4), e2016976118. (Large experience-sampling study showing no plateau in happiness up to ~$200k, though marginal gains diminish at higher incomes)​ Diener, E., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Very happy people. Psychological Science, 13(1), 81–84. (Study of characteristics of extremely happy individuals – they had strong social relationships as the most notable common feature) Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218–226. (Seminal theory paper proposing that positive emotions broaden cognitive-behavioral repertoires and build lasting resources)​ Coles, N. A., Larsen, J. T., & Lench, H. C. (2019). A meta-analysis of the facial feedback literature: Effects of facial feedback on emotional experience are small and variable. Psychological Bulletin, 145(6), 610–651. (Meta-analysis confirming that while facial expressions do influence feelings, the effects are modest)​ Cregg, D. R., & Cheavens, J. S. (2021). Gratitude interventions: Effective self-help? A meta-analysis of the impact on symptoms of depression and anxiety. Journal of Happiness Studies, 22(2), 413–445. (Meta-analysis of 27 studies showing gratitude exercises reliably improve well-being and reduce depressive symptoms)​ Moll, J., et al. (2006). Human fronto–mesolimbic networks guide decisions about charitable donation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(42), 15623–15628. (fMRI study demonstrating that donating to charity activates the brain’s reward circuits similarly to receiving a monetary reward)​ Lutz, A., Greischar, L. L., Rawlings, N. B., Ricard, M., & Davidson, R. J. (2004). Long-term meditators self-induce high-amplitude gamma synchrony during mental practice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101(46), 16369–16373. (Research on Buddhist monks showing meditation can produce intense gamma wave synchrony, linked to positive emotional states)​ Helliwell, J. F., Huang, H., Wang, S., & Norton, M. (2023). World Happiness Report 2023. New York: Sustainable Development Solutions Network. (Annual report that uses Gallup data to rank countries by happiness and analyz

In this episode, I am joined by Dr. Katharine D'Amico, a behavioral neuroscientist and President of the The Swala Institute for Applied Neuroscience for professional communication. We explore how your brain rapidly forms perceptions, builds (or breaks) trust, and makes high-stakes decisions. My name is Carmen, I am the host of Science Savvy. I have a background in pharmacology and biomedical engineering. Science Savvy podcast is all about breaking down the extraordinary science behind everyday life. In this episode, Dr. D'Amico shares her insights from mentoring over 900 startups and researching how trust and emotion shape behavior in professional environments. This episode covers why first impressions are sticky, how oxytocin builds trust and lowers stress, what role emotions really play in strategic decisions, and how to rewire your habits to make better choices. Whether you're curious about brain chemistry, leadership, mental health, or simply how to make smarter decisions, this episode offers clear and engaging insights grounded in real research. Also, the cover at the beginning of the episode is from my band! Comment if you recognise it ;) Further reading and references:Willis, J., & Todorov, A. (2006). First impressions: Making up your mind after a 100-ms exposure to a face. Psychological Science, 17(7), 592–598. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01750.xTodorov, A., Mende-Siedlecki, P., & Dotsch, R. (2013). Social judgments from faces. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 23(3), 373–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2012.12.010Kosfeld, M., Heinrichs, M., Zak, P. J., Fischbacher, U., & Fehr, E. (2005). Oxytocin increases trust in humans. Nature, 435(7042), 673–676. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03701Baumgartner, T., Heinrichs, M., Vonlanthen, A., Fischbacher, U., & Fehr, E. (2008). Oxytocin shapes the neural circuitry of trust and trust adaptation in humans. Neuron, 58(4), 639–650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.04.009Crum, A. J., Salovey, P., & Achor, S. (2013). Rethinking stress: The role of mindsets in determining the stress response. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(4), 716–733. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031201Taylor, S. E. (2006). Tend and befriend: Biobehavioral bases of affiliation under stress. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15(6), 273–277. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00451.xBechara, A., Damasio, A. R., Damasio, H., & Anderson, S. W. (1994). Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex. Cognition, 50(1–3), 7–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(94)90018-3

In this episode of Science Savvy, we step into the fascinating world of architecture and design to explore how the spaces we inhabit influence our minds, health, and emotions. Joined by Antonio, a talented architect, we discuss everything from what makes a house feel like a home to the emerging field of neuroarchitecture, which blends design with our understanding of the brain. Discover how natural light, biomimicry, and even the materials we touch can impact our mental health, productivity, and sense of community. Learn why humans are drawn to beauty, the psychology of shared spaces, and how design reflects our evolving values. Whether you’re an architecture aficionado or a curious mind, this episode offers a fresh perspective on the buildings and cities that shape our lives. Tune in to uncover how thoughtful design can help you build not just better spaces, but a better life.If you enjoyed this episode, don’t forget to subscribe, rate the podcast, and share it with your friends. Follow Science Savvy on Instagram and TikTok for more insights, and stay savvy! Further reading / references: Jeremy Bentham: The Panopticon concept. Kaplan, R. & Kaplan, S. (1993). The Experience of Nature: A Psychological Perspective - Discusses the impact of natural environments on mental health and productivity. Berman, M. G., Jonides, J., & Kaplan, S. (2008). The Cognitive Benefits of Interacting with Nature. Psychological Science, 19(12), 1207–1212. Galima, S. V., Vogel, S. R., & Kowalski, A. W. (2020). Seasonal affective disorder: Common questions and answers. American Family Physician, 102(11), 668–672. PMID: 33252911. Pjrek, E., Friedrich, M. E., Cambioli, L., Dold, M., Jäger, F., Komorowski, A., Lanzenberger, R., Kasper, S., & Winkler, D. (2020). The efficacy of light therapy in the treatment of seasonal affective disorder: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 89(1), 17–24. https://doi.org/10.1159/000502891 Tao, L., Jiang, R., Zhang, K., Qian, Z., Chen, P., Lv, Y., & Yao, Y. (2020). Light therapy in non-seasonal depression: An update meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research, 291, 113247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113247 Nussbaumer, B., Kaminski-Hartenthaler, A., Forneris, C. A., Morgan, L. C., Sonis, J. H., Gaynes, B. N., Greenblatt, A., Wipplinger, J., Lux, L. J., Winkler, D., Van Noord, M. G., Hofmann, J., & Gartlehner, G. (2015). Light therapy for preventing seasonal affective disorder. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (11), CD011269. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011269.pub2 Do, A., Li, V. W., Huang, S., Michalak, E. E., Tam, E. M., Chakrabarty, T., Yatham, L. N., & Lam, R. W. (2022). Blue-light therapy for seasonal and non-seasonal depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 67(10), 745–754. https://doi.org/10.1177/07067437221097903 Rolls, E. T. (2015). Limbic systems for emotion and for memory, but no single limbic system. Cortex, 62, 119–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2013.12.005 Mori, K., & Sakano, H. (2024). Circuit formation and sensory perception in the mouse olfactory system. Frontiers in Neural Circuits, 18, Article 1342576. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2024.1342576 Mills, E. G. A., O'Byrne, K. T., & Comninos, A. N. (2019). Kisspeptin as a behavioral hormone. Seminars in Reproductive Medicine, 37(2), 56–63. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3400239 Gaeta, G., & Wilson, D. A. (2022). Reciprocal relationships between sleep and smell. Frontiers in Neural Circuits, 16, Article 1076354. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2022.1076354 Shahsavar, P., Ghazvineh, S., & Raoufy, M. R. (2024). From nasal respiration to brain dynamic. Reviews in Neuroscience, 35(6), 639–650. https://doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2023-0152

Welcome to the PCOS episode, part of Science Savvy with Carmen. In this episode, I explore the science behind Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome, a complex hormonal and metabolic condition that affects millions of women worldwide. With my background in pharmacology and biomedical engineering, I break down the mechanisms behind PCOS and unpack how it shows up in your daily life. This episode features a conversation with Dr. Basma Faris, a board-certified OB/GYN and certified culinary medicine specialist. We discuss why PCOS is not just about cystic ovaries, how insulin resistance contributes to hormonal imbalance, and the ways diet, sleep, and stress management play a role in symptom control. We also talk through the myths, the science, and the danger of wellness misinformation. Whether you're navigating a diagnosis or simply curious about how hormones, metabolism, and lifestyle connect, this episode offers clear and engaging insights grounded in real research. Science Savvy helps you understand the systems shaping your thoughts, health, and behavior. If you're ready to explore your body and brain with a little more clarity, you're in the right place. Further reading and references: St-Onge, M. P., et al. (2023). The interrelationship between sleep, diet, and glucose metabolism. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 69, 101788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2023.101788Lee, S. W. H., Ng, K. Y., & Chin, W. K. (2017). The impact of sleep amount and sleep quality on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 31, 91–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2016.02.001Lazar, S., et al. (2023). How to measure glycemic variability? Medicina, 60(1), 61. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60010061Ehrhardt, N., & Al Zaghal, E. (2018). Behavior modification in prediabetes and diabetes: Potential use of real-time continuous glucose monitoring. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, 13(2), 271–275. https://doi.org/10.1177/1932296818790994Hanefeld, M., et al. (2014). Differences in glycemic variability between normoglycemic and prediabetic subjects. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, 8(2), 286–290. https://doi.org/10.1177/1932296814522739Dmitrovic, R., et al. (2011). Continuous glucose monitoring during pregnancy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 118(4), 878–885. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0b013e31822c887fTao, M., et al. (2011). Continuous glucose monitoring reveals abnormal features of postprandial glycemic excursions in women with PCOS. Postgraduate Medicine, 123(2), 185–190. https://doi.org/10.3810/pgm.2011.03.2277Merino, J., et al. (2022). Validity of continuous glucose monitoring for categorizing glycemic responses to diet. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 115(6), 1569–1576. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqac026Wyatt, P., et al. (2021). Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals. Nature Metabolism, 3(4), 523–529. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-021-00383-xZahalka, S. J., et al. (2024). Continuous glucose monitoring for prediabetes: What are the best metrics? Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, 18(4), 835–846. https://doi.org/10.1177/19322968241242487Basiri, R., & Cheskin, L. J. (2024). Personalized nutrition therapy without weight loss counseling produces weight loss in individuals with prediabetes. Nutrients, 16(14). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16142218Joseph, J. I., et al. (2018). Glucose sensing in the subcutaneous tissue: Correlation with immune response and CGM accuracy. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, 20(5), 321–324. https://doi.org/10.1089/dia.2018.0106Jospe, M. R., et al. (2024). Leveraging continuous glucose monitoring as a catalyst for behaviour change. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 21(1), 74. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-024-01622-6Zhu, J. P., et al. (2013). Increased mean glucose levels in patients with PCOS and hyperandrogenemia as determined by CGM. Acta Obst

In this episode of Science Savvy, we dive deep into the fascinating ways food influences our brains, bodies, and even our relationships. Joined by food-loving couple Pablo and Alicia, we explore how the taste, smell, and texture of our meals trigger dopamine release, creating cravings and memories. Discover the science of macronutrients, the gut-brain axis, and how omega-3s can boost brain health. We also discuss how food fosters social bonds and sparks romance, releasing hormones like oxytocin that deepen our connections. Plus, we tackle why highly palatable foods can be so hard to resist, the evolutionary wiring behind our cravings, and the cutting-edge science of the microbiome. Whether you're a health nut, a foodie, or just curious about the science of eating, this episode serves up a banquet of insights. Tune in to get your fill of science-backed "food for thought" and leave with practical tips to feel your best—mind and body. If you enjoyed this episode, don’t forget to subscribe, leave a review on Apple Podcasts or Spotify, and share it with a friend. Follow us on Instagram for more bite-sized science content, and stay savvy! Further reading / references: Omega-3s and cognitive function: Swanson, D., Block, R., & Mousa, S. A. (2012). Omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA: Health benefits throughout life. *Advances in Nutrition*, *3*(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.111.000893. Gut-brain axis: Carabotti, M., Scirocco, A., Maselli, M. A., & Severi, C. (2015). The gut-brain axis: Interactions between enteric microbiota, central and enteric nervous systems. *Annals of Gastroenterology*, *28*(2), 203. Serotonin and the gut: Yano, J. M., Yu, K., Donaldson, G. P., Shastri, G. G., Ann, P., Ma, L., ... & Hsiao, E. Y. (2015). Indigenous bacteria from the gut microbiota regulate host serotonin biosynthesis. *Cell*, *161*(2), 264-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.047. Gut microbiome and mental health: Dash, S., Clarke, G., Berk, M., & Jacka, F. N. (2015). The gut microbiome and diet in psychiatry: Focus on depression. *Current Opinion in Psychiatry*, *28*(1), 1-6. Gut microbiome and autoimmune disorders: Peterson, C. T., Sharma, V., Elmen, L., & Peterson, S. N. (2015). Immune homeostasis, dysbiosis and therapeutic modulation of the gut microbiota. *Clinical and Experimental Immunology*, *179*(3), 363-377. Inflammation and diet: Calder, P. C. (2010). Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes. *Nutritional Neuroscience*, *13*(3), 183-188. Social bonding and food: Ruddock, H. K., Brunstrom, J. M., Vartanian, L. R., & Higgs, S. (2019). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the social facilitation of eating. *American Journal of Clinical Nutrition*, *110*(4), 842-861. Evolutionary cravings and brain reward systems: Berthoud, H. R., Münzberg, H., & Morrison, C. D. (2017). Blaming the brain for obesity: Integration of hedonic and homeostatic mechanisms. *Gastroenterology*, *152*(7), 1728-1738. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2016.12.050. Lab-grown meat: Post, M. J. (2012). Cultured meat from stem cells: Challenges and prospects. *Meat Science*, *92*(3), 297-301. Insect protein and sustainability: van Huis, A., Van Itterbeeck, J., Klunder, H., Mertens, E., Halloran, A., Muir, G., & Vantomme, P. (2013). Edible insects: Future prospects for food and feed security. *FAO Forestry Paper*. FAO: Rome.

Welcome to the Migraine episode, part of Science Savvy with Carmen. In this episode, I explore the science, stigma, and impact of migraine through the lens of lived experience and neuroscience. With my background in pharmacology and biomedical engineering, I break down the biology behind migraine and unpack how it shows up in your daily life. This episode features a conversation with Dehenna Davison, former Member of Parliament for Bishop Auckland, who made headlines when she stepped down from her dream job due to chronic migraine. Dehenna shares her journey from suffering in silence to securing the first UK parliamentary debate on migraine since the 1960s. As someone who also lives with migraine, this episode is personal and deeply meaningful. Whether you experience migraine yourself or care about someone who does, this conversation offers scientific insights and emotional validation in equal measure. Science Savvy helps you understand the systems shaping your thoughts, health, and behavior. If you're ready to explore your body and brain with a little more clarity, you're in the right place. Further reading and references: Goadsby, P. J., Holland, P. R., Martins-Oliveira, M., Hoffmann, J., Schankin, C., & Akerman, S. (2017). Pathophysiology of migraine: A disorder of sensory processing. Physiological Reviews, 97(2), 553–622. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00034.2015Burstein, R., Noseda, R., & Borsook, D. (2015). Migraine: Multiple processes, complex pathophysiology. The Journal of Neuroscience, 35(17), 6619–6629. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0373-15.2015Charles, A. (2018). The pathophysiology of migraine: Implications for clinical management. The Lancet Neurology, 17(2), 174–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30435-0World Health Organization. (2022). Headache disorders: Key facts. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/headache-disordersSteiner, T. J., Stovner, L. J., Jensen, R., Uluduz, D., & Katsarava, Z. (2020). Migraine remains second among the world's causes of disability, and first among young women: Findings from GBD2019. The Journal of Headache and Pain, 21(1), 137. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-020-01208-0Buse, D. C., Manack, A. N., Fanning, K. M., Serrano, D., Reed, M. L., & Lipton, R. B. (2012). Chronic migraine prevalence, disability, and sociodemographic factors: Results from the American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention Study. Headache, 52(10), 1456–1470. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4610.2012.02223.xLipton, R. B., Bigal, M. E., Diamond, M., Freitag, F., Reed, M. L., & Stewart, W. F. (2007). Migraine prevalence, disease burden, and the need for preventive therapy. Neurology, 68(5), 343–349. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000252808.97649.21Prince, P. B., Rapoport, A. M., Sheftell, F. D., Tepper, S. J., & Bigal, M. E. (2004). The effect of weather on headache. Headache, 44(6), 596–602. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4610.2004.446011.xFinocchi, C., & Sivori, G. (2012). Food as trigger and aggravating factor of migraine. Neurological Sciences, 33(S1), 77–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-012-1046-5Diener, H. C., Holle, D., Solbach, K., & Gaul, C. (2021). Medication-overuse headache: Risk factors, pathophysiology, and management. Nature Reviews Neurology, 17(2), 112–124. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41582-020-00428-0Dodick, D. W. (2018). A phase-by-phase review of migraine pathophysiology. Headache, 58(S1), 4–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.13300Silberstein, S. D., Holland, S., Freitag, F., Dodick, D. W., Argoff, C., & Ashman, E. (2012). Evidence-based guideline update: Pharmacologic treatment for episodic migraine prevention in adults. Neurology, 78(17), 1337–1345. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182535d0cTepper, S. J., & Ashina, M. (2019). CGRP and migraine: The emerging role of CGRP inhibitors. Headache, 59(3), 394–406. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.13456Russo, A. F. (2015). Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP): A ne

Your Brain is a Badass. It can literally rewire itself in the face of a challenge! In this episode, we dive into JJ’s inspiring story—a young boy who was born missing key structural elements of his brain but still managed to get better grades than his schoolmates... How? Learn how neuroplasticity (your brain’s ability to adapt) works, and more importantly, how you can use this knowledge to level up your life. Tune in to find out how to make your brain as sharp and flexible as your 2025 goals!   References / Further reading: Zhao, J.-L., Jiang, W.-T., Wang, X., Cai, Z.-D., Liu, Z.-H., & Liu, G.-R. (2020). "Exercise, brain plasticity, and depression." CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, 26(9), 885–895. WILEY ONLINE LIBRARY Damiani, F., Cornuti, S., & Tognini, P. (2023). "The gut-brain connection: Exploring the influence of the gut microbiota on neuroplasticity and neurodevelopmental disorders." Neuropharmacology, 109491. PUBMED Rojczyk, A., Dziewanowska, A., & Maryniak, A. (2020). "When the brain looks imperfect: An example of neuroplasticity as seen in a patient with arachnoid cysts—a case study." Frontiers in Neurology, 11, 567. Gulyaeva, N. V. (2017). "Molecular mechanisms of neuroplasticity: An expanding universe." Biochemistry (Moscow), 82(3), 237–242. "Social Networks and Loneliness in People with Alzheimer's Dementia." Balouch S, Rifaat E, Chen HL, Tabet N. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2019 May;34(5):666-673. "Social Networks and Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease." Ma YH, Wang YY, Tan L, et al. J Alzheimers Dis. 2021;81(1):263-272. "Social Health, Social Reserve, and Dementia." Sachdev PS. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2022 Mar;35(2):111-117. "Enriched Environment Promotes Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis through FGFRs" Journal: J Neurosci. 2021 Mar 31;41(13):2899-2910. "Enriched Environment Increases Neurogenesis and Improves Social Memory Persistence in Socially Isolated Adult Mice" "Adulthood Cognitive Trajectories Over 26 Years and Brain Health at 70 Years of Age" Journal: Neurobiology of Aging (2023) "Oxytocin stimulates hippocampal neurogenesis via oxytocin receptor expressed in CA3 pyramidal neurons" Journal: Nat Commun. 2017 Sep 14;8(1):537. Oxytocin stimulates adult neurogenesis even under conditions of stress and elevated glucocorticoids" Journal: Hippocampus. 2012 Apr;22(4):861-8. "Adult hypothalamic neurogenesis and sleep-wake dysfunction in aging" Journal: Sleep. 2021 Feb 12;44(2):zsaa173. "Sleep and hippocampal neurogenesis: Implications for Alzheimer's disease" Journal: Front Neuroendocrinol. 2017 Apr;45:35-52. "Memory consolidation during sleep and adult hippocampal neurogenesis" Journal: Neural Regen Res. 2019 Jan;14(1):20-23. "Sleep and adult neurogenesis: implications for cognition and mood". Journal: Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2015;25:151-81.

Ready to make 2025 your most focused, productive, and fulfilling year? In this episode of Science Savvy, we’re diving into the neuroscience of habit formation, focus, and motivation. Learn five brain-backed strategies to start small, reward yourself, build flexibility, embrace accountability, and pre-decide your goals—all designed to help you stick to your resolutions and create lasting change. Whether you're looking to build healthier routines, master a new skill, or manage your relationship with social media, this episode is packed with actionable insights to help you harness the power of your brain. Tune in and discover how to make this year your best one yet! Bibliography: Wise RA, Jordan CJ. Dopamine, behavior, and addiction. J Biomed Sci. 2021 Dec 2;28(1):83. This study discusses the role of dopamine in habit formation and learning, emphasizing its function in reinforcing behaviors through long-term potentiation (LTP). PMID: 34852810 Lauretani F, et al. Dopamine Pharmacodynamics: New Insights. Int J Mol Sci. 2024 May 13;25(10):5293. - Explores the role of dopamine in neuromodulation and its ability to influence synaptic plasticity, highlighting its relevance in habit formation. PMID: 38791331 Berlucchi G, Buchtel HA. Neuronal plasticity: historical roots and evolution of meaning. Exp Brain Res. 2009 Jan;192(3):307-19. - This article traces the concept of neuroplasticity and its link to learning and habit formation through synaptic changes. PMID: 19002678 Talpos J, Shoaib M. Executive function. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2015;228:191-213. - Examines the role of the prefrontal cortex in executive function, including goal setting and habit regulation. PMID: 25977083

In this episode of Science Savvy, we're diving into the science of love—beyond just romance. From the neuroscience that drives attraction to the biology behind long-term bonding, we explore the fascinating mechanisms behind one of humanity’s most powerful emotions. Together with my friend Alejandra, we break down the stages of love—lust, attraction, and attachment—and discuss the roles of hormones like oxytocin, vasopressin, and dopamine in shaping how we connect with others. We also touch on the physical effects of love and how heartbreak can feel like real, physical pain. Whether you’re curious about why you get butterflies or how love helps us thrive, this episode offers both a deep dive into the science and a personal touch. If you’re interested in learning more, check out the references below for further reading. Further Reading: Helen Fisher’s work on the neuroscience of love Research on oxytocin and vasopressin related to bonding and attachment Studies on dopamine and cortisol in romantic relationships Evolutionary psychology texts on the biological purpose of love Research on the effects of heartbreak on brain activity and emotional regulation References: Sharma, S. R., Gonda, X., Dome, P., & Tarazi, F. I. (2020). What's love got to do with it: Role of oxytocin in trauma, attachment, and resilience. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 214, 107602. DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107602 Fisher, H., Aron, A., & Brown, L. L. (2005). Romantic love: An fMRI study of a neural mechanism for mate choice. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 493(1), 58-62. DOI: 10.1002/cne.20772 Stein, D. J., & Vythilingum, B. (2009). Love and attachment: The psychobiology of social bonding. CNS Spectrums, 14(5), 239-242. DOI: 10.1017/s1092852900025384 Acevedo, B. P., Poulin, M. J., Collins, N. L., & Brown, L. L. (2020). After the honeymoon: Neural and genetic correlates of romantic love in newlywed marriages. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 634. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00634

Join us for lots of giggles and lots of science! In this episode of Science Savvy, I am joined by my bestie of 10 years, Dasha, to dive into the science behind long-term friendships. We explore how your brain syncs up with your closest friends, how oxytocin makes you feel all warm and fuzzy, and why those group chats and weekend hangouts are actually boosting your health and happiness. Find out how your bestie might just be the key to living a longer, healthier life! Further Reading and References: Dunbar, R. I. M. (2018). Friends: Understanding the Power of Our Most Important Relationships. Little, Brown Spark. Parkinson, C., Kleinbaum, A. M., & Wheatley, T. (2018). "Similar neural responses predict friendship." Nature Communications. Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., & Layton, J. B. (2010). "Social relationships and mortality risk: A meta-analytic review." PLoS Medicine. Lieberman, M. D. (2013). Social: Why Our Brains Are Wired to Connect. Crown Publishers. Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). "Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis." Psychological Bulletin. Lunn, N. (2021). Conversations on Love. Viking. Holt-Lunstad, J. (2018). "Why social relationships are important for physical health: A systems approach to understanding and modifying risk and protection." Annual Review of Psychology. Haslam, C., & Jetten, J. (2014). "Social connectedness and health in older adults." Journal of Aging and Health. Roberts, S. G., & Dunbar, R. I. (2011). "Communication in social networks: Effects of kinship, network size, and emotional closeness." Personal Relationships. Langan, K. A., & Purvis, J. M. (2020). "Long-distance friendship maintenance: An application of expectancy violation theory and the investment model." Current Opinion in Psychology.

Welcome to the ADHD episode, part of Science Savvy with Carmen. In this episode, I explore what it really means to live with ADHD and how science is reshaping the way we understand it. With my background in pharmacology and biomedical engineering, I break down the science behind attention, dopamine, and neurodiversity, and unpack how it all shows up in everyday life. This episode covers how neurotransmitters like dopamine and norepinephrine influence focus, what makes ADHD more of a difference than a deficit, and how modern life and social media interact with attention challenges. I’m joined by my brother Alex, who has ADHD, for a candid and personal conversation about medication, coping strategies, creativity, and hyperfocus. Whether you’re navigating ADHD yourself, supporting someone who is, or just curious about how attention works, this episode offers clear and engaging insights grounded in real research. Science Savvy helps you understand the systems shaping your thoughts, health, and behavior. If you're ready to explore your body and brain with a little more clarity, you're in the right place. Further reading and references: Lee, Y. C., et al. (2022). Effects of mindfulness-based interventions in children and adolescents with ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(22), 15198. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215198van der Oord, S., Bögels, S. M., & Peijnenburg, D. (2012). The effectiveness of mindfulness training for children with ADHD and mindful parenting for their parents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 21(1), 139-147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-011-9457-0Arnsten, A. F. T. (2009). The emerging neurobiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: The key role of the prefrontal association cortex. The Journal of Pediatrics, 154(5), I-S43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.01.018Volkow, N. D., & Swanson, J. M. (2013). Clinical practice: Adult attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. The New England Journal of Medicine, 369(20), 1935-1944. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp1212625Faraone, S. V., Biederman, J., & Mick, E. (2006). The age-dependent decline of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analysis of follow-up studies. Psychological Medicine, 36(2), 159-165. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329170500471XSwanson, J. M., & Volkow, N. D. (2002). Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of medications for ADHD: A review of stimulant and nonstimulant formulations. Molecular Psychiatry, 8(7), 252-264. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4001326Keng, S. L., Smoski, M. J., & Robins, C. J. (2011). Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: A review of empirical studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(6), 1041-1056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.04.006Wiklund, J., Yu, W., Tucker, R., & Marino, L. D. (2017). ADHD, impulsivity, and entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 32(6), 627-656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2017.07.002White, H. A., & Shah, P. (2011). Creative style and achievement in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(5), 673-677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.12.015Armstrong, T. (2010). The Power of Neurodiversity: Unleashing the Advantages of Your Differently Wired Brain. Da Capo Press.Ashinoff, B. K., & Abu-Akel, A. (2021). Hyperfocus: The forgotten frontier of attention. Psychological Research, 85, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-020-01420-w

Welcome to the Creativity episode, part of Science Savvy with Carmen. In this episode, I explore the science behind creative thinking and how the brain fuels imagination. With my background in pharmacology and biomedical engineering, I break down the science behind creativity and unpack how it shows up in your daily life. This episode covers the roles of the prefrontal cortex and default mode network, the surprising impact of dopamine on creative flow, and how certain brain states enhance idea generation. Joined by my friend Alicia, an artist and entrepreneur with a background in psychology, we look at how both science and lived experience shape creative expression. Whether you’re an artist, a science enthusiast, or just curious about where great ideas come from, this episode offers clear and engaging insights grounded in real research. Science Savvy helps you understand the systems shaping your thoughts, health, and behavior. If you're ready to explore your body and brain with a little more clarity, you're in the right place. Further reading and references: Adnan, A., Beaty, R., Silvia, P., Spreng, R. N., & Turner, G. R. (2019). Creative aging: Functional brain networks associated with divergent thinking in older and younger adults. Neurobiology of Aging, 75, 150–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.11.004Kulisevsky, J., Pagonabarraga, J., & Martinez-Corral, M. (2009). Changes in artistic style and behaviour in Parkinson's disease: Dopamine and creativity. Journal of Neurology, 256(5), 816–819. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-009-5001-1Weinberger, A. B., Green, A. E., & Chrysikou, E. G. (2017). Using transcranial direct current stimulation to enhance creative cognition: Interactions between task, polarity, and stimulation site. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 11, 246. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00246Chi, R. P., & Snyder, A. W. (2012). Brain stimulation enables the solution of an inherently difficult problem. Neuroscience Letters, 515(2), 121–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2012.03.012

Welcome to the Gut Health episode, part of Science Savvy with Carmen. In this episode, I explore how your gut microbiome does so much more than support digestion. With my background in pharmacology and biomedical engineering, I break down the science behind the gut-brain connection and unpack how it shows up in your daily life. This episode covers how gut bacteria influence your mood, mental health, immune function, and even decision-making. I share fascinating research on the relationship between the microbiome and depression, explain the biological pathways linking your gut to your brain, and offer practical tips for improving gut health through diet and lifestyle. Whether you're curious about probiotics, interested in the science of mood, or simply want to understand your body better, this episode offers clear and engaging insights grounded in real research. Science Savvy helps you understand the systems shaping your thoughts, health, and behavior. If you're ready to explore your body and brain with a little more clarity, you're in the right place. Further reading and references: Bercik, P., & Collins, S. M. (2014). The effects of the microbiota on the central nervous system and behavioral disorders. Gastroenterology, 146(6), 1449-1458. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2014.02.037Cryan, J. F., & Dinan, T. G. (2012). Mind-altering microorganisms: The impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 13(10), 701-712. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3346Foster, J. A., Rinaman, L., & Cryan, J. F. (2017). Stress and the gut-brain axis: Regulation by the microbiome. Neurobiology of Stress, 7, 124-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ynstr.2017.03.001Mayer, E. A., Padua, D., & Tillisch, K. (2014). Altered brain-gut axis in autism: Comorbidity or causative mechanisms. BioEssays, 36(10), 933-939. https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.201400075Clarke, G., Stilling, R. M., Kennedy, P. J., Stanton, C., Cryan, J. F., & Dinan, T. G. (2014). Minireview: Gut microbiota: The neglected endocrine organ. Molecular Endocrinology, 28(8), 1221-1238. https://doi.org/10.1210/me.2014-1108Sampson, T. R., & Mazmanian, S. K. (2015). Control of brain development, function, and behavior by the microbiome. Cell Host & Microbe, 17(5), 565-576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2015.04.011O'Mahony, S. M., Clarke, G., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2015). Early-life adversity and brain development: Is the microbiome a missing piece of the puzzle. Neuroscience, 342, 37-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.09.068Ridaura, V. K., et al. (2013). Gut microbiota from twins discordant for obesity modulate metabolism in mice. Science, 341(6150), 1241214. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1241214Dash, S., Clarke, G., Berk, M., & Jacka, F. N. (2015). The gut microbiome and diet in psychiatry: Focus on depression. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 28(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000117Madra, M., & Ringel, Y. (2015). The role of probiotics in treating irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, 44(1), 159-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gtc.2014.11.013Jacka, F. N., et al. (2017). A randomized controlled trial of dietary improvement for adults with major depression (the SMILES trial). BMC Medicine, 15, 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-017-0791-yStaudacher, H. M., et al. (2017). Probiotic and prebiotic mechanisms to improve mental health via the gut-brain axis. Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 38, 69-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2018.03.008Kong, X., et al. (2020). Probiotics supplementation during antibiotic treatment reduces the risk of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 115(6), 921-929. https://doi.org/10.14309/ajg.0000000000000601Mills, J. P., et al. (2017). The impact of cesarean delivery on the diversity of the infant gut microbiome. Microbial Ecology in Health & Disease, 28(1), 13777. https://doi.org

Welcome to the Consciousness episode, part of Science Savvy with Carmen. In this episode, I explore what it really means to be conscious and how self-awareness shapes who we are. With my background in pharmacology and biomedical engineering, I break down the science behind consciousness and unpack how it shows up in your daily life. This episode covers everything from classic philosophical ideas like Descartes’ “I think, therefore I am” to modern neuroscience frameworks such as Crick’s Astonishing Hypothesis and Tononi’s information integration theory. We explore how brain chemistry, genetics, and personal experience come together to influence identity, self-esteem, and the feeling of being a self at all. Whether you’re curious about how the brain creates your sense of self or interested in the science behind awareness and emotion, this episode offers clear and engaging insights grounded in real research. Science Savvy helps you understand the systems shaping your thoughts, health, and behavior. If you're ready to explore your body and brain with a little more clarity, you're in the right place. Further reading and references: Crick, F. (1994). The Astonishing Hypothesis: The Scientific Search for the Soul. Scribner.Chalmers, D. J. (1995). Facing up to the problem of consciousness. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 2(3), 200-219.Tononi, G. (2004). An information integration theory of consciousness. BMC Neuroscience, 5(42).Koch, C., Massimini, M., Boly, M., & Tononi, G. (2016). Neural correlates of consciousness: progress and problems. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 17(5), 307-321.Northoff, G., Heinzel, A., de Greck, M., Bermpohl, F., Dobrowolny, H., & Panksepp, J. (2006). Self-referential processing in our brain. NeuroImage, 31(1), 440-457.Lieberman, M. D., & Eisenberger, N. I. (2009). Pains and pleasures of social life. Science, 323(5916), 890-891.Panksepp, J. (1998). Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions. Oxford University Press.

This is one of our early interview episodes! We shared a microphone and I hadn't perfected my audio editing—check out our latest episodes for a more polished experience! In this episode of Science Savvy, we're diving into the science of love—beyond just romance. From the neuroscience that drives attraction to the biology behind long-term bonding, we explore the fascinating mechanisms behind one of humanity’s most powerful emotions. Together with my friend Alejandra, we break down the stages of love—lust, attraction, and attachment—and discuss the roles of hormones like oxytocin, vasopressin, and dopamine in shaping how we connect with others. We also touch on the physical effects of love and how heartbreak can feel like real, physical pain. Whether you’re curious about why you get butterflies or how love helps us thrive, this episode offers both a deep dive into the science and a personal touch. If you’re interested in learning more, check out the references below for further reading. Further Reading: Helen Fisher’s work on the neuroscience of love Research on oxytocin and vasopressin related to bonding and attachment Studies on dopamine and cortisol in romantic relationships Evolutionary psychology texts on the biological purpose of love Research on the effects of heartbreak on brain activity and emotional regulation References: Sharma, S. R., Gonda, X., Dome, P., & Tarazi, F. I. (2020). What's love got to do with it: Role of oxytocin in trauma, attachment, and resilience. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 214, 107602. DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107602 Fisher, H., Aron, A., & Brown, L. L. (2005). Romantic love: An fMRI study of a neural mechanism for mate choice. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 493(1), 58-62. DOI: 10.1002/cne.20772 Stein, D. J., & Vythilingum, B. (2009). Love and attachment: The psychobiology of social bonding. CNS Spectrums, 14(5), 239-242. DOI: 10.1017/s1092852900025384 Acevedo, B. P., Poulin, M. J., Collins, N. L., & Brown, L. L. (2020). After the honeymoon: Neural and genetic correlates of romantic love in newlywed marriages. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 634. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00634

In this episode of Science Savvy, we tackle the age-old question: why do we even get periods? From evolutionary theories to hormonal rollercoasters, we break down the science behind all that bloating, mood swings, and acne. Why can’t we just get a text saying, "You’re not pregnant"? Join me as we explore why periods are a thing and how understanding your cycle can help you level up your workouts, social life, and creativity. It’s time to work with your body, not against it!   Further reading / references: Profet, M. (1993). Menstruation as a defense against pathogens transported by sperm. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 68(3), 335-386. Strassmann, B. I. (1996). The evolution of endometrial cycles and menstruation. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 71(2), 181-220. Pawlowski, B. (1999). Loss of oestrus and concealed ovulation in human evolution: The case against the sexual-selection hypothesis. Current Anthropology, 40(3), 257-275. Emera, D., Romero, R., & Wagner, G. (2012). The evolution of menstruation: A new model for genetic assimilation. BioEssays, 34(1), 26-35. Hillard, P. J. A., & Speroff, L. (2019). Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility. Wolters Kluwer Health. Miller, G., Tybur, J. M., & Jordan, B. D. (2007). Ovulatory cycle effects on tip earnings by lap dancers: Economic evidence for human estrus? Evolution and Human Behavior, 28(6), 375-381. Haselton, M. G., & Gildersleeve, K. (2011). Can men detect ovulation? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(2), 87-92. Johnson, S., Marriott, L., & Zinaman, M. (2018). Accuracy of an online fertility tracker. Journal of Women's Health, 27(4), 435-442. Wilcox, A. J., Weinberg, C. R., & Baird, D. D. (1995). Timing of sexual intercourse in relation to ovulation. The New England Journal of Medicine, 333(23), 1517-1521. Yang, Z., & Schank, J. C. (2006). Women do not synchronize their menstrual cycles. Human Nature, 17(4), 433-447. Frank-Herrmann, P., et al. (2007). The effectiveness of a fertility awareness-based method to avoid pregnancy in relation to a couple's sexual behavior during the fertile time. Human Reproduction, 22(5), 1310-1319. Berglund Scherwitzl, E., et al. (2017). Fertility awareness-based mobile application for contraception. The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care, 22(5), 365-373.