Welcome to this Science Savvy episode on Happiness. In this episode, I explore what happiness really is from a neuroscience & evolutionary perspective, and explain why it’s a biological miracle that we feel joy at all. I have a background in pharmacology and biomedical engineering, and in this episode I cover why dopamine gets all the hype (but shouldn’t), how gratitude rewires your brain, why you’re not supposed to be happy all the time, and what Tibetan monks can teach us about brain waves and contentment. Science Savvy helps you understand the systems shaping your thoughts, health, and behavior. If you're ready to explore your body and brain with a little more clarity, you're in the right place. Further reading and references: Farhud, D. D., Malmir, M., & Khanahmadi, M. (2014). Happiness & Health: The Biological Factors – Systematic Review. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 43(11), 1468–1477. (Overview of genetic, neurochemical, hormonal, and health correlates of happiness)​ Machado, L., & Cantilino, A. (2017). A systematic review of the neural correlates of positive emotions. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 39(2), 172–179. (Review finding increased left frontal and decreased right frontal activity, among other regions, during happiness)​ Tan, J. J. X., Kraus, M. W., Carpenter, N. C., & Adler, N. E. (2020). The association between objective and subjective socioeconomic status and subjective well-being: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 146(11), 970–1020. (Meta-analysis of 335 studies; reports an average income-happiness correlation of ~0.23)​ Killingsworth, M. A. (2021). Experienced well-being rises with income, even above $75,000 per year. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(4), e2016976118. (Large experience-sampling study showing no plateau in happiness up to ~$200k, though marginal gains diminish at higher incomes)​ Diener, E., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Very happy people. Psychological Science, 13(1), 81–84. (Study of characteristics of extremely happy individuals – they had strong social relationships as the most notable common feature) Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218–226. (Seminal theory paper proposing that positive emotions broaden cognitive-behavioral repertoires and build lasting resources)​ Coles, N. A., Larsen, J. T., & Lench, H. C. (2019). A meta-analysis of the facial feedback literature: Effects of facial feedback on emotional experience are small and variable. Psychological Bulletin, 145(6), 610–651. (Meta-analysis confirming that while facial expressions do influence feelings, the effects are modest)​ Cregg, D. R., & Cheavens, J. S. (2021). Gratitude interventions: Effective self-help? A meta-analysis of the impact on symptoms of depression and anxiety. Journal of Happiness Studies, 22(2), 413–445. (Meta-analysis of 27 studies showing gratitude exercises reliably improve well-being and reduce depressive symptoms)​ Moll, J., et al. (2006). Human fronto–mesolimbic networks guide decisions about charitable donation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(42), 15623–15628. (fMRI study demonstrating that donating to charity activates the brain’s reward circuits similarly to receiving a monetary reward)​ Lutz, A., Greischar, L. L., Rawlings, N. B., Ricard, M., & Davidson, R. J. (2004). Long-term meditators self-induce high-amplitude gamma synchrony during mental practice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101(46), 16369–16373. (Research on Buddhist monks showing meditation can produce intense gamma wave synchrony, linked to positive emotional states)​ Helliwell, J. F., Huang, H., Wang, S., & Norton, M. (2023). World Happiness Report 2023. New York: Sustainable Development Solutions Network. (Annual report that uses Gallup data to rank countries by happiness and analyz