The sources analyse a range of topics relevant to the UPSC Civil Services Examination. Key themes include:
India-Pakistan Relations, Security, and Defence Preparedness: Ongoing tensions are highlighted. Recent developments include the Ministry of Home Affairs notifying state governments to conduct nationwide civil defence drills, described as unprecedented. Pakistan is reported to be in "panic mode" and mobilising troops expecting Indian retaliation. India is also preparing for any eventuality. These drills involve testing air raid warnings, emergency blackouts, and training civilians. The sources also note Pakistan-based cyber attacks targeting Indian cyberspace . Historically, civil defence drills have precedent during past conflicts like the 1962, 1965, and 1971 wars. The potential future involves possible military escalation.
Governance, Polity, and Judiciary: A significant current affair is the Union Cabinet's approval for the inclusion of a caste census in the upcoming census , notable as the last nationwide caste census was in 1931 . This could potentially lead to a refinement of the reservation policy and address subcategorisation issues , but also carries risks of politicisation and societal disintegration . The National Register of Citizens (NRC) exercise in Assam resulted in 1.9 million exclusions, raising legal and constitutional questions about detaining non-citizens without criminal charges or deportation possibilities, potentially violating Articles 21 and 22 . The sources also touch upon the appointment process for the CBI Director, including a recent one-year extension , and the judiciary's internal Inquiry Committee system for investigating allegations against judges .
Economy and Trade: An ongoing WTO dispute involves India and the US regarding India's Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme for specialty steel . The US argues it's an unfair subsidy, while India defends it and points to subsidies elsewhere . India is the second-largest steel producer but imports specialty steel . The newly commissioned Vizhinjam port in Kerala is significant as India's first deep-sea transshipment port, developed under a PPP model . It aims to reduce India's heavy reliance on foreign ports for transshipment cargo, potentially transforming trade potential, but requires last-mile infrastructure . The online gaming industry faces a challenge in the Supreme Court over the government's 28% GST levy on total contest entry amounts . Moody's assesses that while India has more capacity to withstand a conflict, it would impact defence spending and fiscal consolidation, severely disadvantaging Pakistan .
Environment, Science & Technology: A major concern is the growing energy footprint of Artificial Intelligence (AI). AI training demands massive power for data centres, projected to potentially use 10% of global electricity by 2030 , contributing to carbon emissions . Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) are presented as a promising, clean, scalable, and safer alternative energy source being explored for powering AI data centres . India is focusing on SMRs and seeking collaboration . The debate between Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles and Battery Electric Vehicles for clean transport is noted, with EVs currently having higher global adoption due to lower costs . Public health issues like Rabies, endemic in India, leading to Animal Birth Control rules , and PM2.5 exposure are also mentioned . Climate change impacts on river water flow are noted as a potential legal argument for the Indus Water Treaty .
The sources identify these and other points as key current affairs for UPSC preparation.
The sources cover a range of topics relevant to India, particularly in the context of the UPSC Civil Services Examination.
In General Studies Paper 1, the sources discuss the introduction of traditional Indian games like Gorakshan, Girda, Dukvan, and Nalgoo Rallu Ata in a new NCERT physical education book for Class 7 under the National Education Policy 2020. This initiative aims to connect students with Indian culture and combat the loss of traditional practices due to globalisation, representing a decolonisation of education. The sources also mention a caste survey being conducted in Karnataka to ascertain the status of Scheduled Castes, involving extensive data collection via a mobile application.
For General Studies Paper 2, several crucial areas are covered. Judicial pendency and judge vacancies in High Courts are highlighted as significant issues, with examples like Delhi, Allahabad, and Punjab & Haryana High Courts facing high backlogs and vacancies. The India Justice Report 2025 noted a 20% increase in pending cases between 2020 and 2024. The sources note the pressure this puts on judges and the need for improved infrastructure. The powers of the Enforcement Directorate (ED) under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) are discussed, noting the significant prominence gained since a 2022 Supreme Court judgment. The ED faces criticism for allegedly targeting opposition leaders and wielding perceived 'tyrannical' powers. The Supreme Court is set to review its 2022 judgment starting May 7th. The Election Commission of India's (ECI) move to launch ECI Net, a unified digital platform to standardise its numerous apps and websites, is presented as an effort to improve user experience for voters, officials, and parties. Regarding India-Pakistan relations, India is contemplating its response to recent attacks, aiming for a deterrent strategy that changes Pakistan's behaviour. Various past strategies are mentioned, including diplomatic isolation, surgical strikes, and aerial attacks. Future suggestions include using diplomatic channels to list terror groups and strengthening infrastructure along the LoC.
Key topics for General Studies Paper 3 include the Vizhinjam International Transshipment Port in Kerala, described as a new all-weather, greenfield port with a strategic location and deep natural draft capable of handling large ships. Developed with state, Adani, and Central Government collaboration, it is seen as having significant potential but faces challenges in infrastructure development, allied services, and customs integration. The launch of two genome-edited rice varieties by ICAR is mentioned, intended to use less water and have a smaller carbon footprint, though regulatory processes are rigorous. The sources note a perceived decline in foreign aid to India, attributed to stricter FCRA regulations and allegations against foreign entities. Amendments in 2020 tightened FCRA norms. India's focus has shifted from aid to FDI and trade cooperation. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) under the Companies Act 2013 is also mentioned. Finally, the Khelo India Youth Games and Target Olympic Podium Scheme (TOPS) are highlighted as initiatives to revive sports culture, identify talent, and improve India's performance in international events, supporting India's ambition to potentially host the Olympics.
Other international relations points include Iran's diplomatic engagements with Pakistan and India, the ongoing West Asia conflict focusing on the Israel-Hamas-Gaza situation and the geopolitical significance of the region's geography (Suez Canal, Bab el Mandeb, etc.). India's assertive foreign policy stance, seeking "partners, not preachers," is noted, along with opportunities for Indian businesses in mineral-rich Angola.
The sources collectively provide a briefing on current events across various sectors in India, linking them to historical context, future potential, and governance frameworks.
Based on the sources provided, here is a summary of the key topics analysed:
The sources highlight several significant areas relevant to current affairs and governance in India. A major challenge discussed is the state of the Judicial System, specifically the high pendency of cases. As of early May 2025, there are over 5 crore cases pending across the Supreme Court, High Courts, and District/Subordinate Courts. This number has shown a consistent increase year after year. The primary reason cited is the acute shortage of judges, with many vacancies unfilled, such as roughly 33% in High Courts. Filling these vacancies and promoting alternative dispute resolution mechanisms like mediation are suggested solutions.
Environmental Concerns are also prominent. Recent research shows that microplastics are transported to deep-sea environments, including the Whittard Canyon. Another major concern is the planned large-scale development project on Great Nicobar Island. This project is expected to cause extensive destruction of forest cover and negatively impact rich biodiversity and the Shompen tribe, a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group. Exemption of the project from RTI raises questions about transparency.
India's long-standing Wildlife Conservation Programs are highlighted, specifically Project Tiger (50 years) and Project Elephant (30 years). These programs focus on in-situ conservation and creating wildlife corridors, managed by bodies like the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA). Various monitoring systems are used, including M-STRIPES for tigers and MIKE for elephants .
Regarding Disaster Management, recent incidents such as a temple stampede in Goa and a fatal hotel fire in Kolkata underscore severe shortcomings in crowd management and fire safety compliance . Despite the existence of the Disaster Management Act 2005, implementation and enforcement of safety regulations are often lacking, highlighting a need for better preparation, training, and urban planning .
In Foreign Relations, India maintains good relations with Egypt, collaborating in defence, S&T, and trade, recognising Egypt's strategic importance due to the Suez Canal . Trade relations with Pakistan have seen deterioration, with India freezing imports .
Infrastructure development, particularly ports, is also discussed. The Vizhinjam Port in Kerala is noted as India's first dedicated container transshipment port, designed to handle large vessels and potentially capture revenue previously lost to foreign ports .
Challenges in the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) are illustrated by a Supreme Court decision invalidating a resolution process for Bhushan Power & Steel, citing "wrong intentions" and highlighting complexities involving assets linked to past fraudulent activities .
Inter-State Relations face challenges such as the recurring dispute over water distribution (e.g., Bhakra Nangal Dam) and the ongoing dispute regarding Andhra Pradesh's capital . These issues highlight the complexities of India's federal structure and resource sharing .
In Public Health, global health organizations warn about threats to immunization programs, stemming from pandemic disruptions, funding gaps, conflict, and misinformation about vaccines, leading to millions of children missing vaccinations and disease resurgence .
Finally, the sources touch upon Security Advisories, warning against sharing sensitive information like military movements on social media , and suggest the need for technological training for Members of Parliament to improve their legislative oversight capabilities .
Parliamentary Oversight and Functioning falls under GS Paper 2. Historically, India adopted a parliamentary system, defended by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, prioritising responsibility. Currently, there are concerns about declining effectiveness, marked by disruptions, low functioning time (around half scheduled), low legislative output, and poor performance of Question Hour (Lok Sabha 44%, Rajya Sabha 21%). Parliamentary committees, crucial for scrutiny, are perceived as weak, with low implementation rates for recommendations (Public Accounts Committee ~20%) and lacking support like dedicated staff. Suggested reforms include institutionalising post-legislative review, revitalising committees, enhancing inclusivity, providing research staff, and leveraging technology like AI for transparency and support. Key points include data on functioning, the vacant Deputy Speaker post, and the low PAC implementation rate.
Interstate Water Sharing Disputes are significant for GS Paper 2 (Federalism) and Prelims. India has historical disputes, managed through mechanisms like the Indus Water Treaty and bodies such as the Bhakra Beas Management Board (BBMB). A current major dispute involves Punjab and Haryana over water from the Bhakra Nangal Project, with Haryana demanding an additional 4500 cusecs due to shortages, refused by Punjab. Lower dam levels, possibly linked to climate change, exacerbate the issue. Disputes are worsened by political factors, population growth, and rising demand. The formal dispute resolution mechanism (negotiation, mediation, tribunals) is hindered by delays, lack of multidisciplinary expertise, opacity, and poor compliance. Reforms suggest empowering the Interstate Council (Article 263) and creating a permanent, time-bound tribunal with diverse expertise. Constitutional provisions like Article 262 and the Interstate River Water Disputes Act 1956 are key.
The Shift in the Global Order is crucial for GS Paper 2 (International Relations). The world is seen at an inflection point, where global value chains are being reshaped and the post-WWII rules-based order, largely controlled by Western powers, is perceived as crumbling. Institutions like the UN and WTO are considered ineffective. Asia, particularly the Indo-Pacific, is now the dominant global region. India is positioned between the strategic competition of the US and China. India needs strategic policies (foreign, economic, technological) and should seek new, trusted trade partners, potentially in ASEAN, Africa, and Latin America. Technology, human capital, innovation, and intellectual property (IP) are highlighted as crucial for India's future dominance.
Several other specific current affairs points relevant for UPSC include:
Economically, India's GST collection reached a record gross of ₹2.37 lakh crore in April 2025, representing a 12.6% increase year-on-year. This reflects robust economic activity, with the data based on March transactions. Domestic transactions rose by 10.7%, and collections from imported goods increased by 20%. Net GST collection after refunds was ₹2.09 lakh crore, growing 9.1%. IGST is the highest component.
On India-Pakistan relations, discussions focused on the Indus Water Treaty (IWT). India has stated it is keeping the treaty in abeyance (pausing commitments) due to concerns like climate change affecting water flow and Pakistan's lack of response to renegotiation requests. India has also cited Pakistan's sponsorship of terrorism as a reason for putting it in abeyance. While the treaty lacks an explicit exit clause, international law like the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969 allows for suspension under certain conditions, such as "fundamental changes". India currently lacks the infrastructure for an immediate, complete stoppage of water on the Western rivers. India is also undertaking diplomatic efforts to isolate Pakistan internationally, particularly after recent terror attacks. This involves using platforms like UNSC, FATF, and Quad and engaging countries traditionally allied with Pakistan, such as Saudi Arabia and the Afghan Taliban. Relations with Saudi Arabia have shifted significantly since 2008, moving towards a strategic partnership and counter-terrorism cooperation.
In international relations, a US-Ukraine deal grants the US access to Ukraine's mineral resources (rare earth, critical minerals, oil, gas, agriculture) via a US-managed reinvestment fund, in exchange for military aid. The US also notified a potential $131 million sale of maritime surveillance technology (Sea Vision software) to India. This is part of the Indo-Pacific Maritime Domain Awareness (IPMDA) initiative, launched by the Quad (US, India, Australia, Japan) to track vessels like dark shipping in the Indo-Pacific. Separately, China's foreign policy is shifting towards strengthening ties with Southeast Asian countries to counter US containment strategy.
Domestically, the proposed caste census is a significant topic. India plans to include caste in the upcoming census (likely 2026), which would be the first full enumeration since 1931. This decision is driven by demands from political parties. Proponents argue it aids policy-making and targeted welfare schemes, while concerns exist about potential political misuse. The upcoming census data is crucial for policymaking, including potentially for sub-categorisation within reservations, and is linked to the future delimitation exercise and women's reservation bill.
The role of Private Member Bills (PMBs) in Parliament was discussed as an underutilised legislative tool. Introduced by non-minister MPs, very few are debated or passed into law. Challenges include limited time on Fridays and constraints from the anti-defection law and party whips. Only 14 PMBs have become law since independence, with none passed since 1970. Suggestions for improvement include mandatory time slots for discussion.
On energy, Natural Hydrogen was presented as a promising, potentially cheap, and clean source that could help India achieve its net-zero target by 2070. India is estimated to have significant potential reserves, with recent findings in the Andaman region. Challenges include exploration costs and technical complexities related to hydrogen's properties.
Other topics included the traditional sport of Jallikattu in Tamil Nadu, which the Supreme Court previously banned based on animal cruelty but later permitted by balancing cultural rights and animal welfare. The indigenous HAL Dhruv Advanced Light Helicopter was cleared for operational use after being temporarily grounded. The inauguration of the Wizhinjam Port in Kerala was highlighted as a strategic trans-shipment facility to reduce foreign port depend
The provided source, "The Hindu Analysis: UPSC Current Affairs Insights", summarises six important articles from The Hindu newspaper relevant to the UPSC syllabus.
The first topic discusses judicial transfers and the need for a National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC). It highlights the long-standing debate about judicial appointments and transfers, noting the government's past attempt to establish the NJAC, which was struck down. The "first, second, and third judges cases" are mentioned as crucial to the evolution of the collegium system. The present situation involves the Justice Yashwant Verma case, raising questions about judicial integrity. The Judiciary's resistance to non-judicial members in appointments and transfers is seen as potentially harming public perception. The transcript suggests that without reforms, public faith in the judiciary could erode, and the need for a mechanism like the NJAC or other reforms for transparency and accountability will remain.
The second topic covers GST 2.0 and the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) Report. The introduction of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) aimed at creating "one nation one tax", and a GST compensation fund was established due to states' concerns about revenue loss. The PAC has pointed out two major issues: the lack of mandatory CAG audit of the GST compensation fund and confusion and delays in GST refunds. The PAC argues the lack of audit affects fund release and questions the utilisation of held-up funds. Delays in refunds cause issues for entrepreneurs, and many GST registrations were cancelled without proper notice. "GST 2.0" is proposed by the PAC for simplification and improved compliance. The exclusion of petroleum and energy-based fuels from GST is also noted.
The third topic addresses the balance between renewable energy and coal dependence. While India has promoted renewable energy initiatives like the National Solar Mission and the International Solar Alliance , recent data for 2023-24 shows an increase in coal-based electricity generation to 79% , with coal consistently over 70% since 2014-15 . Renewable energy generation remains stagnant at 7% , despite increased coal production and imports . This raises concerns about the effectiveness of renewable energy policies and India's climate commitments .
The fourth topic is Operation Brahma, India's humanitarian effort to provide aid to Myanmar and Thailand following recent earthquakes . This reflects India's role as a first responder in the region and its commitment to HADR .
The fifth topic discusses ISRO's Semi-Cryogenic Engine. ISRO has been developing its launch vehicle technologies, and the GSLV Mark III uses a cryogenic upper stage . The newly developed semi-cryogenic engine is expected to lead to better thrust capacity and efficiency. This development could enhance payload capacity and reduce costs for future space missions.
The sixth topic examines the cooling of the Southern Ocean surface temperature. Contrary to climate model predictions of warming, the Southern Ocean around Antarctica has experienced cooling. This is attributed to the inflow of freshwater from melting ice and increased rainfall, which reduces surface temperature. The missing freshwater input explains a significant portion of the mismatch between predicted and observed temperatures. This cooling, while seemingly counterintuitive, is a consequence of ice melt due to climate change and has long-term implications such as rising sea levels .
In summary, the transcript covers critical current affairs relevant to the UPSC syllabus, including judicial appointments, GST reforms, India's energy mix, humanitarian aid efforts, advancements in space technology, and the complexities of climate change impacts on ocean temperatures. The analysis includes past trends, the present situation, future implications, and potential UPSC questions for each topic.
Freedom of Speech & Expression (GS II & I):
Contempt of Court (GS II):
Indigenous Defence Manufacturing (GS III & II):
Earthquake in Myanmar & Thailand (GS I & III):
Teesta River Dispute (GS II):
Manipur Situation & Article 3 (GS II):
India's Geopolitical Vision (GS II):
Nuclear Energy Market in Africa (GS III & II):
GST and Fiscal Federalism (GS II & III):
The UPSC Key Trends analysis, focusing on past, present, and future, relevant to the syllabus:
GS Paper II: Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice and International Relations:
•Judiciary:
◦Past: Judicial appointments evolved from presidential consultation (Article 124) to a Collegium system, criticised for opaqueness1. The National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC), aimed to reassert executive power, was struck down1....
◦Present: Allegations of judicial corruption are renewing calls for transparency2.... There's an ongoing tussle between the executive and judiciary over appointments, leading to delays and vacancies2....
◦Future: Expect continued tension over appointments and accountability1. Discussions around alternatives to the Collegium and scrutiny of the Judges Inquiry Act are likely1.
•Abortion:
◦Past: India had a relatively progressive legal framework (Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act 1971) with more restrictive grounds and limits1. The debate centred on a woman's right to choose versus the moral status of the foetus1.
◦Present: The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act 2021 expanded access, including unmarried women, with increased gestational limits1. The Supreme Court has further solidified these rights . Challenges remain in ensuring access to safe and legal services, especially in rural areas1.
◦Future: The trend emphasises women's reproductive rights and bodily autonomy1. Bridging the gap between law and effective implementation and addressing pro-life arguments will be key1.
•US Defence Ties:
◦Past: A significant upswing led to a strategic defence partnership in 2016, moving from reliance on Russia1.
◦Present: India remains a major arms importer . The Russia-Ukraine conflict necessitates diversification , with the US as a key partner, though over-reliance is cautioned1.
◦Future: India will likely pursue strategic autonomy and a multi-aligned approach to defence procurement, alongside boosting indigenous manufacturing1
.•Women Unbound
:◦Past: Women faced significant restrictions on mobility and access to public spaces due to societal norms1.
◦Present: Despite legal guarantees (Article 15), women face barriers due to harassment, leading to self-restrictions and limiting participation1.
◦Future: Increasing awareness and activism for safe and unrestricted access are expected, requiring safety improvements and challenging patriarchal norms to realise India's demographic dividend2.
GS Paper I: Indian Heritage and Culture, History and Geography of the World and Society:
•Theyyam:
◦Past and Present: This long-standing ritualistic art form of the Malabar Coast, rooted in local traditions and worshipping heroes/deities in temples and sacred groves (Kavu) with elaborate costumes (Mudi)3, reflects historical social fabric3.
◦Future: Likely persistence due to religious and social importance, with potential for broader recognition3.
GS Paper III: Economy, Agriculture and Technology:
•National Mission for Atmanirbharta in Pulses:
◦Past and Present: India faces import dependence in pulses despite being a major producer, with MSP proving insufficient.
◦Future: The 2025 mission aims for self-sufficiency through guaranteed procurement, climate-resilient seeds, and improved storage.
GS Paper IV: Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude:
•Discussions on judicial accountability, the legal and moral dimensions of abortion, and ethical aspects of women's restricted access to public spaces provide valuable case studies5.
