Parliamentary Oversight and Functioning falls under GS Paper 2. Historically, India adopted a parliamentary system, defended by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, prioritising responsibility. Currently, there are concerns about declining effectiveness, marked by disruptions, low functioning time (around half scheduled), low legislative output, and poor performance of Question Hour (Lok Sabha 44%, Rajya Sabha 21%). Parliamentary committees, crucial for scrutiny, are perceived as weak, with low implementation rates for recommendations (Public Accounts Committee ~20%) and lacking support like dedicated staff. Suggested reforms include institutionalising post-legislative review, revitalising committees, enhancing inclusivity, providing research staff, and leveraging technology like AI for transparency and support. Key points include data on functioning, the vacant Deputy Speaker post, and the low PAC implementation rate.
Interstate Water Sharing Disputes are significant for GS Paper 2 (Federalism) and Prelims. India has historical disputes, managed through mechanisms like the Indus Water Treaty and bodies such as the Bhakra Beas Management Board (BBMB). A current major dispute involves Punjab and Haryana over water from the Bhakra Nangal Project, with Haryana demanding an additional 4500 cusecs due to shortages, refused by Punjab. Lower dam levels, possibly linked to climate change, exacerbate the issue. Disputes are worsened by political factors, population growth, and rising demand. The formal dispute resolution mechanism (negotiation, mediation, tribunals) is hindered by delays, lack of multidisciplinary expertise, opacity, and poor compliance. Reforms suggest empowering the Interstate Council (Article 263) and creating a permanent, time-bound tribunal with diverse expertise. Constitutional provisions like Article 262 and the Interstate River Water Disputes Act 1956 are key.
The Shift in the Global Order is crucial for GS Paper 2 (International Relations). The world is seen at an inflection point, where global value chains are being reshaped and the post-WWII rules-based order, largely controlled by Western powers, is perceived as crumbling. Institutions like the UN and WTO are considered ineffective. Asia, particularly the Indo-Pacific, is now the dominant global region. India is positioned between the strategic competition of the US and China. India needs strategic policies (foreign, economic, technological) and should seek new, trusted trade partners, potentially in ASEAN, Africa, and Latin America. Technology, human capital, innovation, and intellectual property (IP) are highlighted as crucial for India's future dominance.
Several other specific current affairs points relevant for UPSC include:
