Profesor David Crystal: One of the big questions always asked about a language: “how do new words come into being?” Well, you can borrow them from other languages of course; a lot of English words are like that. But one of the lesser-known ways of forming new words is to form a blend – and a blend is when you run two words together to make a third word. And people have done it since the beginning of English actually. To take a recent example: alcopops – carbonated fruit flavoured drinks containing alcohol – a very controversial thing it was when they first came in a few years ago, because it was obviously being aimed at children, and people were very concerned that children would now have some alcohol introduced into them that they weren’t expecting. But it’s the word I want to talk about today – a very interesting word indeed! Alco-pops. Alco is obviously the first part of the word, shortened version of "alcohol". And pops is the second part of the word. Pops you might not know so much about. It has quite a long-standing usage. It’s basically the word for lemonade once upon a time. Pop bottles – because of the sound that’s made when a cork is drawn out of an effervescing drink [spot: cork being pulled out of a bottle] – that sort of sound! – and pops became a very quick sound symbolic way of expressing that kind of notion; so the two words have come together: alcohol and pops …and becomes alco-pops. to come into being - znikat borrowed words - cizí slova blend - složenina alcopops - perlivý alkoholický nápoj s ovocnou příchutí carbonated - perlivý, s bublinkami aimed at - zamířeno na once upon a time - bylo nebylo, kdysi dávno to be concerned - obávat se pop - perlivý nápoj pull out - vytáhnout

There are lots of words like this in English. Brunch is another one – for a mixture of breakfast and lunch, and you can actually have quite a fun game making these blends up yourself. For instance, if you decide that you want to invent a cross between a helicopter and a bicycle shall we say? Well, make a blend about it. You could call it a "helicycle" for instance, or maybe a "bicopter". brunch (mixture of breakfast and lunch) - pozdní bohatá snídaně to make up - vytvořit (vymyslet) a cross between - kříženec mezi to make a blend - spojit dohromady

Prefixes, almost by definition, don't occur as separate words. I mean, that's what they're for: they're for modifying a word, occurring before a word, and making it change it’s meaning - happy, un-happy, national, de-nationalise. They don't normally occur as words on their own. You've perhaps heard 'anti' - he's very 'anti' something, a-n-t-i. Or he's very 'pro' something - well they're prefixes which have just suddenly become different words. Now they've been around for a very long time. A recent one, absolutely fascinating one, is this prefix 'dis': d-i-s, or sometimes d-i-s-s. It's from the word 'disrespect', to show disrespect to somebody, from the noun, by insulting language, or insulting behaviour. It means basically to put somebody down. It's American, black English slang, and it's been around since about 1980. And what's happened, it's come to be used as a full verb. You can say now 'I dissed him' - to diss, I dissed him - or 'stop dissing her'. And that's the interesting thing, that it's the prefix that's become the verb! It's a most remarkable development. prefix - předpona to occur - objevit se to modify - změnit, pozměnit he's very 'anti - velký odpůrce he's very 'pro' - zastánce they've been around - existují disrespect - neúcta, nezdvořilost, urážka to show disrespect (to put somebody down) - urážet, zesměšňovat to diss - urážet, zesměšňovat, vysmívat se it's been around since - existuje od…

I was watching a docusoap on the television the other day. A what, you might say? A docu-soap. Well, it’s another one of these blend-words, where two words have come together to make a third word. In this particular case, I’m talking about a TV genre, which mixes a documentary programme and a soap. Now documentary programmes we all know, and these are particular fly-on-the wall documentaries we’re talking about now, where people are carrying on their everyday lives, doing their ordinary things and yet being televised or radio-recorded at the same time. But why soap? Why are these things called soap operas? Well that goes back to the 1930s and it was probably because some of the early sponsors of radio programmes at the time and television programmes were soap manufacturers, and so the idea came that a soap was one of these everyday, you know, washing machine kind of dramas. docusoap - televizní program (něco mezi dokumentem a soap operou (kamera nezúčastněně sleduje každodenní život skutečné rodiny, skupiny studentů a nebo třeba osudy doktorů a pacientů v nemocnici. Příběhy nepíší scénáristé, postavy neztvárňují herci, ale přesto se o jakýsi příběh ze života jedná.) soap opera - seriál ze života s obyčejnými hrdiny (washing machine kind of dramas) fly-on-the wall - moucha na zdi to be televised - natočit televizní kamerou that goes back to - datuje se od…

And so a docusoap is a documentary attempt to take one of these programmes and put it into an everyday circumstance. It’s not the only word of its kind – docudrama is another one, for a dramatised film based on a semi-fictional interpretation of real events. Oh, and don’t forget, it’s used in the novel as well, in literature. We talk about “factions” – documentary fiction in the novel – it’s a blurring of reality and fiction: very popular these days! docudrama - hraný dokument semi-fictional - dramatizace skutečných událostí fiction - beletrie factions - spojení beletrie a literatury faktu a blurring of reality and fiction - smazání rozdílů mezi skutečností a fikcí

In a vote, in 1998, the American Dialect Society looked for 'the new word that was most likely to succeed'. And they had an accolade "the word of the year". In that particular year, it wasn't a word at all, it was...e-! E -hyphen, the prefix, meaning electronic of course, and you'll find it in e-mail of course, these days, a lot. Well, why did they think it was going to be such a successful development? Well because in the mid-1990s they had noticed, the American Dialect Society had noticed how many people were using this e- prefix and applying it to all kinds of circumstances. And in the 1990s you got all these developments: e-books (electronic books); e-voting (electronic voting); you could get a loan from a company by e-mail, and it would be an e-loan. There were e-newsletters, e-securities, e-shopping, hundreds more. And people after a while began to play with the word - you will have heard this too: you know about retail and retailing. Well now you can have e-tail and e-tailing, because that's retail shopping over the internet. And of course it didn't take long until people started to complain about the way in which it was over-used. In fact a couple of years later, one of the big internet magazines said, "this is a word, this is a prefix that has to go!” everybody is using it too much. Well, it hasn't gone - it's here to stay. E-speak is the future! hyphen - pomlčka apply - aplikovat, používat e-books, voting, loan, newsletters - elektronické knihy, hlasování, půjčka, securities - informační buletin, akcie retail/ e-tail - obchod v drobném to complain - stěžovat si over-used - zneužívat that has to go - musí zmizet

You've seen it on television, or in the street, hundreds of times, thousands of times. Two people come towards each other, they obviously know each other very well, and they start to kiss each other - but it's not a full frontal kiss. Now what happens, one person puts the cheek against the other person's cheek and they have what is often called an 'air' kiss. They make a kissing noise, which shows that they're coming together, as great intimates, but it's not a real kiss at all. And many people then give this air kiss a noise, a word, and it's usually 'mwah', 'mwah' - something like that. Now, how d'you write it? Well nobody knows quite how to write it, but it's really m-w-a-h. I saw it written in about the mid-nineties for the first time. And, there's a plural too: "there's lots of mwahs about these days" I remember reading in somebody's journal at one point. It's an affectation, it's associated with a social elite - but everybody does it to a degree or another. What's unusual is to get the effect coming out as a word. It's a sort of 'sound symbolic' word - it's a lovely way of expressing the actual noise that takes place when you do a phoney kiss of this kind. And I've never done it myself - I'm not a 'mwah' type of person - but I think an awful lot of people are. I certainly don't think I've ever heard it on the radio, and certainly not as a way of saying goodbye to listeners - but I'll try it out and see what happens, so 'mwah'!! a full frontal kiss - polibek na ústa mwah - zvuk vydávaný při předstíraném polibku při setkání (tvář na tvář) journal - deník to a degree - do určité míry phoney kiss - předstíraný polibek

Now, nobody knows how many abbreviations there are in the English language, or in any language for that matter – half a million in one big set of dictionaries I’ve got: half a million abbreviations, can you imagine it! They’re very important, abbreviations, because they save time and they add familiarity; it’s a way of gaining rapport. I don’t say, "I’m in the British Broadcasting Corporation studio", I say, "I’m in the BBC studio"…it adds a sort of familiarity, doesn’t it. Now there are written abbreviations and spoken abbreviations, and the written ones are the ones that are interesting today – because you can have letters like U.N. for United Nations and you can have words like UNESCO for the other organisation. Now, faqs – you’ve seen them a thousand times I suppose on computer screens – are computer text files containing a list of questions and answers, especially basic stuff on news groups where you want to find a quick reply. It’s not a universally spoken word. You don’t say I’ve got some faqs – because that could be very misleading, it could sound like facts, f-a-c-t-s. So most people use it as an initialism, they spell it out: F A Q. And it’s beginning to be used now in a more general way, outside the internet setting. People talk about F.A.Q.s in all kinds of non-computer circumstances. I saw it on a church notice board once. I’ll leave you to guess what the questions were. abbreviations - zkratky for that matter - ostatně adds a sort of familiarity - dodává na důvěrnosti gaining rapport - navazujete určitý vztah faqs (frequently asked questions) - obligátní otázky – často pokládané otázky misleading - zavádějící church notice - nástěnka v kostele

Now that’s a catch phrase from a film – the film title this time. I mean, people often don’t take film titles and make them catch phrases. M-o-n-t-y, a name (capital 'M'). Now it had existed before as a phrase – but this was a new film, in 1997, a British film about a group of unemployed men, who take their clothes off to earn some money. In fact the origin of the word is back in the 1980s, a rather obscure word actually – nobody quite knows where it comes from. It might have come from a firm of clothing manufacturers, famous men’s tailors called 'Montague Burton', a complete suit of clothing in the 1970s, -80s, and say, we were "wearing the full Monty" – and of course, talking about the lack of clothing since the film came along. So in another words, the modern meaning of the phrase is "everything that we need" or "…is appropriate". If you’re packing a suitcase you might say "I’ve got the full Monty" now; you’re packing a car, "I’ve got the full Monty"; and when this programme is over, you’ll have had "the full Monty" ….at least about this expression, too! a catch phrase - okřídlené rčení full Monty - všechno, co potřebujeme, všechno, co je třeba unemployed - nezaměstnaný they take their clothes off - svlékají se where it comes from - odkud to pochází wearing the full Monty - od hlavy až k patě oblečen od Montyho appropriate - příslušný

Technology always has an influence on language. When printing came in, it brought new words into the language. When broadcasting first started new words came into the language. And now the internet has come along so it’s not surprising that quite a large number of new words have come into English vocabulary since, especially the last 10 years really since the www came into being. And of course if you’ve got emails, and most people have these days, you will have encountered the word Spam. Spam flooding your email box with ads or other unwanted messages. But why the word Spam for this sort of thing. Spam was originally a tinned meat back in the 1930s, a brand name for a particular kind of cold meat. But it became very fashionable when Monty Python, the satirical television comedy series back in the 70s and 80s they has a sketch where just for fun they had spam with every item on the restaurant menu - Bacon and spam, egg and spam, ham and spam, spam and spam. Spam spam spam spam spam… and they actually sang a song about I and it caught on. And therefore it became a real part of the language meaning any unwanted material of any kind and so when the internet came along it wasn’t surprising really that spam became part of that kind of experience. And the evidence that it’s become part of the language is not just because of the noun spam which you might expect to see in the internet context but because it’s generated other kinds of linguistic expression as well. You’ve now got verbs based upon it, and adjectives based upon it. You can now have ‘I’ve been spammed’ or ‘somebody’s spamming me’ and the actual people who do the work themselves who send all these horrible emails out to everybody so that we’re flooded with these things, what are they called? Well there’s a new noun, they’re called ‘spammers’. printing - tisk broadcasting - vysílání to encounter - setkat se s něčím spam (any unwanted material of any kind) - cokoliv nechtěného junk mail - poštou rozesílaná nechtěná reklama ads (advertisements) - reklama tinned meat - maso v konzervě brand name - značka it became fashionable - přišlo do módy it caught on - ujalo se, stalo se populárním 'I‘ve been spammed' - bombardují mě nabídkami spammers - ti, kteří rozesílají spam

Profesor David Crystal: 'Text' is one of these new words that have come into English as a result of the internet revolution and especially, this time, as a result of the cell phone revolution. Cell phones didn't exist well, 5, 10 years ago, they didn't exist and as soon as they came along, people started using them to send messages to each other. So, first as a noun, you had the noun 'text' and now you have the verb 'to text', which is to send a written message using a mobile phone or a cell phone if you use that expression instead. It isn't new actually. Although the verb 'to text' is a modern feature of today's English, you can actually trace it back to the 16th century when 'to text', in those days, was to write something in very large letters, in capital letters, in 'text hand'. And, if you look it up in a big dictionary these days, you'll often be told "this verbal use is now rather rare". Well it was rare until about 4 or 5 years ago. Since then of course, everybody's been using it, and it's produced a whole new family of words. You can now 'text' somebody of course, but you can be engaged in the noun 'texting'. And then you've got 'text messaging' which is a fuller form of the idea of texting somebody. And the people who send messages to each other are called 'texters', and the whole language of abbreviated communication that you can use - introducing abbreviated forms into your text message, in order to make it as succinct and as quick to send as possible. Well, what's the name for that? There isn't an agreed name at the moment - but I call it 'text speak', 'text'. cell phone - mobilní telefon as soon as they came along - hned jak se objevily messages - textové zprávy to text - psát velkými tiskacími písmeny/posílat SMS verbal - slovesný to trace back - dá se vystopovat, pochází, datuje se od… abbreviated - zkrácený texter - rozesílatel textových zpráv text speak - zkratkovité komunikace mobilním telefonem

In the mid-1990s there was a big, new controversy that came in, wasn’t there, about genetically modified foods: foodstuffs containing genetically altered plant or animal material. It wasn’t long before an abbreviation came along to summarise all these: genetically modified – G.M. or "genetic modification". Now that’s a pretty technical abbreviation; you might not expect to encounter it very often, but actually, you do. Because it was controversial at the time and people didn’t know whether to put this stuff into their foods or not (and it still is controversial), you began to see it on signs – especially after 1996, when the food labelling regulations came in, and they applied in Britain in, 1999 I think it was – and from that point on, people had to say, if you were a restaurant owner or a café owner, you had to say whether your foods had G.M. in them or not – and so you walk into a restaurant these days, and you might well see a sign on the wall saying “no G.M. foods here” or "the following foodstuffs have G.M. products inside". gm - geneticky modifikované/genetická modifikace altered - pozměněný it wasn’t long before - netrvalo dlouho (a objevila se zkratka) abbreviation - zkratka to come along - objevit se food labelling regulations - nařízení, že geneticky modifikované potraviny musí být označeny following foodstuffs have G.M. - následující jídla obsahují GM potraviny products inside

Happy clappy – this is one of those reduplicated words, where the two words are almost the same, but it’s changed one little part: changed the vowel, or changed the consonants in this particular case - usually the consonant at the front, like "willy nilly" - and "ping pong" is one where the vowel changes. Well happy clappy came in in the, oh 1980s I suppose, referring to a member of usually a Christian charismatic group, characterised by enthusiastic handclapping and a very extrovert emotion, set of emotions being expressed – but it’s not restricted to that. I’ve heard it used in all sorts of other contexts as well. It’s a mildly mocking word. If somebody says that somebody is happy clappy, there’s a sort of feeling of distaste about it. And the thing is, that the idea has moved beyond the religious circumstance now. It refers to anybody showing some kind of extrovert emotion, some kind of rather superficial feeling very often. You might say of somebody "you’ve got a very happy clappy attitude". It means he’s just producing his emotions without much thought all the time. So anybody who gets very enthusiastic and suddenly becomes a little over the top …starts to act out something….. happy clappy - člen křesťanské charismatické skupiny/nadšenec všeho druhu, který příliš často a zbytečně projevuje emoce to clap - tleskat enthusiastic handclapping - nadšené tleskání restricted - omezeno vowel - samohláska consonant - souhláska willy nilly - ať chceš nebo nechceš a mildly mocking word - slovo s lehce posměšným přídechem distaste - odpor becomes over the top - přehání

Hot desking. You know, there are some very descriptive words that come into the language from time to time, and one of the ones that came in the 1990s, which really hit me between the eyes when I first heard it, was this phrase "hot desking". To begin with, I didn’t really know what it meant, and after a while of course, it’s become perfectly commonplace now, it’s the practice of sharing desks or workstations between office workers, on a sort of rota system. People don’t have individual desks – it saves time, it saves resources. The implication of course – that’s why the word became so effective – is that it’s the high degree of activity that is making the desk ‘heat up’ as it were: imagine the steam coming off the desk! It’s a noun, hot desking, but I’ve also heard it as a verb: "we’re hot desking tomorrow". "Shall I hot desk with you?", you might say to someone. And now of course there are all sorts of derivatives that’ve come into being: the people who do the hot desking are called "hot deskers". hot desking - spolupracovníci se dělí o stůl sharing of desks and computers - dělit se o stoly a počítače perfectly commonplace now - naprosto běžně se užívá rota system - střídání směn to heat up - rozžhavit, rozpálit steam - pára all sorts of - různý derivatives - odvozeniny

Of all the mediums that influence language, I think film is the one that has the most effect. Not so much from the point of view of pronunciation and grammar: I don’t think we pick up very many sounds and grammatical instructions from the films that we see – but the catchphrases, right from the earliest days of film, catchphrases have been extracted from the film medium and "make my day" I think is one of the most famous. Anyway, you may remember it’s Clint Eastwood, isn’t it, playing Dirty Harry in the Film SUDDEN IPACT. He invites an armed thug to take him on and Clint Eastwood is holding a very big gun – so he’s just waiting for the thug to do something horrible, and he says "go ahead, make my day!". Well it just caught on, it spread in meaning – people started using it, not with guns in their hands, they started using it in a sort of ironic circumstance, to say "make my day" means "do something that’ll really please me". It implies a really big deal or something like that. In fact Clint Eastwood himself, when he was being elected mayor of Carmel, went round the whole of his little town, his little city, with a T-shirt on “elect me mayor – make my day!” make my day - (trochu ironicky) udělej mi radost! from the point of view - z hlediska pronunciation - výslovnost catchphrase - citát, okřídlené rčení armed thug - ozbrojený zločinec it caught on - uchytilo se to elect - volit mayor - starosta

Pre-nup. We often abbreviate words by dropping the endings. There's a technical term for it in linguistics - they're called clippings. I suppose the word 'ad' is the most familiar, from advertisement. 'Pram' is another, from perambulator, and nobody uses that these days, really. And now, we've got 'pre-nup' which came in in the 1980s I suppose. It's short for pre-nuptial agreement. In other words, it's two people who're coming together, and they're going to get married, they're going to have their nuptials - and because they think the marriage is not going to last for very long and there's going to be a messy divorce, where they're going to have to split all their worldly goods, they decide to have a pre-nup, which is an agreement, a pre-nuptial agreement, where they decide who's going to have what, and it's going to save a lot of mess in due course. Funny idea....but very popular amongst American film stars apparently. Well, it isn't modern, actually. The earliest time I ever found a reference to it is 1916. So, it was very common in the United States during the 20th century and is increasing elsewhere. But the clipping, the abbreviated form, is very recent - I've only heard that since the 1980s. How do you write it? Well some people write it pre -hyphen nup, but increasingly these days they've been dropping the hyphen, and the two elements are written solidly, without any space or any hyphen in-between. The words have come together....not so of course the people they refer to! pre-nuptial agreement/pre-nup - předmanželská smlouva to abbreviate - zkrátit to drop the ending - zbavit se koncovky clipping - ústřižek, ustřižení/odstranění koncovky ad/advertisement - reklama messy divorce - ošklivý rozvod to split their worldly goods - dělit si majetek mess - nepořádek, špína, trable to drop the hyphen - vynechat pomlčku

Have you noticed how common the 'y' ('ie')-ending is in English as a sort of colloquial suffix? A familiarity marker perhaps is a better way of talking about it. You talk about the telly – it’s a television. You talk about your auntie – instead of your aunt. Of course, there’s mummy and daddy as well. People from Australia are Aussies as well as Australians, and of course in proper names you talk about Charles and Charlie, or Susan and Susie. Very very common suffix. Not surprising then to find that new words every now and then come into the language which use it, and the one that has attracted a lot of interest recently is 'luvvy' and 'luvvies' - l-u-v-v-y and l-u-v-v-I-e-s. Especially in Britain, it’s a kind of mockery for actors and actresses, considered to be rather affected – actors, you know, who turn up and call each other ‘darling’ all the time and go ‘mwah’ at each other, when they’re kissing each other, and people say "oh, listen to those luvvies talking, those poor luvvies – there’s lots of luvvy talk going on" - l-u-v-v-y. Now what’s interesting, it’s the spelling that’s made this word so new, because there already was a word ‘lovey’ in the language, going back right to the 1960s, spelt l-o-v-e-y. It’s a much older term of endearment. I might say “oh, come on, lovey!” meaning….you might hear from a bus conductor for instance, and it refers simply to you know, ‘my dear’, and it could be to a man or a woman, although more usually to a woman. So, what we’ve got is a new word ‘luvvy’ with a different spelling from the old word ‘lovey’ – now that doesn’t happen very often in language change. colloquial - hovorový suffix - přípona telly - televizka / telka luvvy/luvvies - mírně afektované osoby (herci) to mock, mockery - dělat si legraci z.. lovey - my dear - "drahý" endearment - projev něžnosti, náklonnosti a bus conductor - průvodčí

Bog standard. It’s pretty rare in English to find a compound word with a slang first part and a formal second part. Bog standard is one of those that’s come in in the last few years. It means…what does it mean? It means to be basic, to be ordinary, to be unexceptional, to be uninspired – it just means ordinary. If you say something is "bog standard", you mean it is perfectly ordinary. "He’s got a bog standard car," means a perfectly ordinary car. "I’ve got a bog standard library book," means I’ve got a perfectly ordinary library book that’s not exceptional or interesting in any way. It’s a British slang thing; its origin is quite obscure; nobody quite knows where it came from. Some people think that it’s actually from early motorbike sales, because motorbikes used to come in a very large box you know when they were delivered – you didn’t sort of drive them away, they were delivered. They came in what’s called ‘box standard’ – and then that became ‘bog standard’; in other words, out of the box, it’s a perfectly ordinary kind of delivery, or ordinary kind of a bike that you bought. But people don’t like that and they think that it’s got a much more interesting etymology than that: a bog of course is a slang word for toilet in British English, and some people think that 'bog standard' has that kind of origin. Don’t see it myself, somehow. I rather like the idea that bog means something rural, you know – the rural people are often in the bog, ‘cause the bog’s a muddy sort of area, full of peat and things like that. And so bog is often used to mean 'unsophisticated'. So I don’t know: there’s three possible etymologies for it; nobody quite knows where it comes from. It may have an ordinary meaning, but it certainly isn’t an ordinary word. bog standard - všední, obyčejný rare - vzácný basic - základní – průměrný ordinary - obyčejný standard book - průměrná, nevýznamná kniha obscure - neznámý box standard – (bog standard)vklasická, obyčejná krabice a bog - záchod, bažina rural - venkovský, prostý muddy - blátivý, rozbahněný peat - rašelina to come from - pocházet

Estuary. Words based on locations don’t become part of the general language very often. You do get a few – many people talk about “Whitehall” meaning the government, or the "White House" in America, meaning the American government – but not very often, and certainly part of a river (!) – 'estuary', I think that’s a first; I don’t remember hearing that before ever. Now the estuary in question is the river Thames, and during the 1980s the word estuary came into the language referring to the kind of speech that people are using around the estuary of the river Thames, in places like Essex, in the North of Kent, and it was a new kind of accent: a sort of cross between Cockney and Received Pronunciation. And if somebody said he speaks estuary, it would mean he speaks this kind of mixed accent. In RP, in Received Pronunciation, you’d say that the word was 'wall' – the thing that holds the house up – a wall; in Cockney of course it’s a ‘wall’, a 'wall' and in estuary English of course it’s a sort of mixture of the two: a 'wall', a 'wall', with a ‘ll’ sort of sound. It’s one of the fastest moving accents of modern times. estuary - - ústí řeky cross between - něco mezi cockney - londýnský přízvuk/slang Received Pronunciation - standardní výslovnost

Wired, to be wired. Well, if you’re talking about electricity that’s not surprising I suppose: wires enjoin electrical things – but people being wired? If I say to you "are you wired?", or you say to me, "yes, you’re wired"…? It’s another one of those descriptive words that came in in the 1990s, based on technology. It really was referring to the I.T. world – the world where computers connect to the internet, and because your computer was now wired in through a cable into a telephone line, people were said to be ‘wired’ meaning you are connected to the internet. And after a while it developed a figurative use. People would say, you know, "are you wired?" – and what they would mean is, are you ready to handle this, can you talk to me in a reasonably efficient way? Or if say, "Jane is wired" it means 'oh, Jane can cope with anything, she’s able to handle all the things I might throw at her, and her at me'. Actually, all this is history now: in the last year or so, "wired" has been replaced very largely by "wireless" as the coolest term to use around, because "wireless fidelity technology", or "wi-fi" as it’s called, w-i –hyphen f-i, "wi-fi technology" is now in. Wireless is replacing wired. Now I say, "are you wireless?", meaning 'are you ready for me?'. I expect that’ll be said in the near future. It hasn’t happened yet, but it will! wired - šikovný, rychlý, schopný všechno vyřešit descriptive - popisný are you wired? - jsi připojený na internet? figurative - obrazný, přenesený to handle - vyřídit, zvládnout wireless - bezdrátový wi-fi – wireless fidelity - wi-fi