In just 75 years the Earth’s average temperature is predicted to be close to 3 degrees above pre-industrial levels. We are in the fast lane to a different world, one that will not be friendly to the current range of plants and animals, including humans. The race is on to cool our overheating planet.

Thanks in part to 18th-century nuns, we now know that having children and breastfeeding reduces a mum's risk of developing breast cancer for years, even until her kid is well into primary school. Now Australian scientists have discovered how breastfeeding specifically enlists the immune system to protect against an aggressive and hard-to-treat type of breast cancer. You can binge more episodes of the Lab Notes podcast with science journalist and presenter Belinda Smith on the ABC Listen app (Australia). You'll find episodes on animal behaviour, human health, space exploration and so much more. Get in touch with us: labnotes@abc.net.au  Featuring:  Sherene Loi, medical oncologist at the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre  Extra information:  Parity and lactation induce T cell mediated breast cancer protection  Having children and breastfeeding reduces breast cancer risk by triggering immune system, study finds  This episode of Lab Notes was produced on the lands of the Wurundjeri and Menang Noongar people.

Robyn Williams reports from the 2025 Prime Minister's Prizes for Science ceremony in Parliament House Canberra.

It's mid-afternoon and time for a treat! Do you choose a healthy piece of fruit, or do you head straight for the chocolate?  It turns out that well before we consciously decide what we're going to eat, our brain has already weighed up our choices — and in a fraction of a second.  Now a new study shows which food attributes are processed by our brain faster than others, and how this might influence our dietary decisions.  You can binge more episodes of the Lab Notes podcast with science journalist and presenter Belinda Smith on the ABC Listen app (Australia). You'll find episodes on animal behaviour, human health, space exploration and so much more. Get in touch with us: labnotes@abc.net.au  Featuring:  Violet Chae, PhD student at the University of Melbourne  More information:  Characterising the neural time-courses of food attribute representations  This episode of Lab Notes was produced on the lands of the Wurundjeri and Menang Noongar people.

We’ve built a picture of the evolution of biodiversity based on a few accessible fossils. But the real story may be very different.

We have a mysterious visitor to our little patch of the cosmos this week: A comet called 3I/ATLAS.  This icy, rocky ball is only the third interstellar object we've discovered zooming past our Sun.  There are scientists who think the comet may be alien technology sent from another solar system to invade Earth, but space agencies poured cold water on this idea.  So how will we know if we truly find evidence of extraterrestrial life?  You can binge more episodes of the Lab Notes podcast with science journalist and presenter Belinda Smith on the ABC Listen app (Australia). You'll find episodes on animal behaviour, human health, space exploration and so much more. Get in touch with us: labnotes@abc.net.au Featuring:  Laura Driessen, radio astronomer at the University of Sydney  Astronomers discover 3I/ATLAS — third interstellar object to visit our Solar System  This episode of Lab Notes was produced on the lands of the Wurundjeri and Menang Noongar people.

An additive in paint converts ultraviolet light into red light allowing plants to grow more producing higher yields, a boon for greenhouse agriculture.

Around 1.5 million years ago, in what's now Kenya, a human-like figure walked across the savannah.  He was probably quite short by our standards, no taller than Danny DeVito.  But unlike Danny DeVito, this ancient figure was not human. He was a long-extinct relative of ours called Paranthropus boisei.  And now his fossilised hand bones are giving us never-before-seen insights into how he and his species lived.  You can binge more episodes of the Lab Notes podcast with science journalist and presenter Belinda Smith on the ABC Listen app (Australia). You'll find episodes on animal behaviour, human health, space exploration and so much more. Get in touch with us: labnotes@abc.net.au    Featuring:  Carrie Mongle, palaeoanthropologist at Stony Brook University and the Turkana Basin Institute  More information:  New fossils reveal the hand of Paranthropus boisei  Fossil hand bones hint that ancient human relative Paranthropus made tools 1.5 million years ago  This episode of Lab Notes was produced on the lands of the Wurundjeri and Menang Noongar people.

Jonathan Porritt’ recent book, Love, Anger and Betrayal charts the lives of young British climate campaigners. Meanwhile in Australia under-16s are about to be banned from using social media.

Few astronomical wonders are as spectacular as a total solar eclipse, when the Moon fully covers the Sun, plunging us into daytime darkness.  If we're lucky, we can see this epic phenomenon as it happens — through special glasses, of course. But our preoccupation with looking at the sky means we may not notice what's happening to the animals around us.  When it comes to birds, many of which rely on the Sun to tell them when to sing a dawn chorus, how does a solar eclipse change how they behave? And what are the wider implications in this artificially lit world?   You can binge more episodes of the Lab Notes podcast with science journalist and presenter Belinda Smith on the ABC Listen app (Australia). You'll find episodes on animal behaviour, human health, space exploration and so much more. Get in touch with us: labnotes@abc.net.au  Featuring:  Liz Aguilar, PhD student in bird reproductive behaviour at Indiana University Bloomington More information:  Total solar eclipse triggers dawn behavior in birds: Insights from acoustic recordings and community science  This episode of Lab Notes was produced on the lands of the Wurundjeri and Menang Noongar people.

Richard Robson from the University of Melbourne has been awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry, the nation’s first Chemistry Nobel in 50 years.

This has been a bumper year for whale-watching on Australia's east coast, with thousands of humpbacks spotted cruising along their annual migration route.   This population was almost wiped out by whalers last century but has bounced back — and then some. A new estimate suggests there are now more of these humpbacks than in pre-whaling times.  So why are the eastern Australian humpbacks going gangbusters while other populations aren't doing nearly as well?  You can binge more episodes of the Lab Notes podcast with science journalist and presenter Belinda Smith on the ABC Listen app (Australia). You'll find episodes on animal behaviour, human health, space exploration and so much more. Get in touch with us: labnotes@abc.net.au  Featuring:  Wally Franklin, marine scientist at Southern Cross University and the Oceania Project  More information:  Eastern Australian humpback whale population now well above pre-whaling levels, report finds Boom to bust? Implications for the continued rapid growth of the eastern Australian humpback whale population despite recovery  The Oceania Project  If you want to hear about how other Australian whales are going, check out The plight of the southern right whales.  This episode of Lab Notes was produced on the lands of the Wurundjeri and Menang Noongar people.

The BA, as it was known, established in 1831, was set up to advance science in the interest of the people, old and young, professional and lay. So, how well is it doing now amid international turmoil.

For decades, climate scientists have been tracking a curious phenomenon. Carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are steadily increasing overall but they also rise and fall in an annual rhythm — like the planet is breathing. Each spring, in the southern hemisphere, carbon dioxide levels start to plateau or maybe even drop slightly before shooting up again after summer. So what's driving these seasonal changes? You can binge more episodes of the Lab Notes podcast with science journalist and presenter Belinda Smith on the ABC Listen app (Australia). You'll find episodes on animal behaviour, human health, space exploration and so much more. Get in touch with us: labnotes@abc.net.au  Featuring: Nick Deutscher, atmospheric chemist at the University of Wollongong This episode of Lab Notes was produced on the lands of the Wurundjeri and Menang Noongar people.

Iconic jellyfish in saltwater lakes are disappearing.

If you've been watching the Women's Rugby World Cup, you may have noticed players have been wearing special mouthguards that light up when they've suffered a significant knock to the head. It's the first time these concussion-predicting mouthguards have been trialled at a major competition. So in the wake of recent concussion concerns, from professional AFL and rugby league to community competitions, is this the future of sport? You can binge more episodes of the Lab Notes podcast with science journalist and presenter Belinda Smith on the ABC Listen app (Australia). You'll find episodes on animal behaviour, human health, space exploration and so much more. Get in touch with us: labnotes@abc.net.au  Featuring:  Kate O’Halloran, digital journalist with ABC Sport  More information:   Women's Rugby World Cup players trialling flashing mouthguards to help predict concussions  This episode of Lab Notes was produced on the lands of the Wurundjeri and Menang Noongar people.

Sophie Ly takes us to Palau to meet scientists and traditional knowledge custodians who are working together to uncover the secrets of Palau’s ancient terraces.

Australia’s known for having some of the world’s toughest sunscreen standards, but in June, that reputation was rocked.  Independent testing of 20 sunscreens found 16 did not meet their advertised SPF50 rating, including three children's sunscreens and three sold by the Cancer Council.  So how are sunscreens tested, and what can we learn from these recent SPF revelations? You can binge more episodes of the Lab Notes podcast with science journalist and presenter Belinda Smith on the ABC Listen app (Australia). You'll find episodes on animal behaviour, human health, space exploration and so much more. Get in touch with us: labnotes@abc.net.au  Featuring:  John Staton, scientific director at SciPharm  More information:  Choice report finds popular Australian sunscreens fail to meet SPF claims on label  This episode of Lab Notes was produced on the lands of the Wurundjeri and Menang Noongar people.

Just as quantum physics is poised to launch computing into a new era of capability, researchers are seeing the first signs of quantum effects in biology.

When you think of leaders in the space sector, big hitters like NASA and private companies like SpaceX spring to mind. But since the very beginning of the Space Age, Australia has played a role in the space flight industry. And this year, an Australian company tried to launch a rocket from Australian soil. So why is Australia building and launching rockets at all, especially when so many nations are already miles ahead? You can binge more episodes of the Lab Notes podcast with science journalist and presenter Belinda Smith on the ABC Listen app (Australia). You'll find episodes on animal behaviour, human health, space exploration and so much more.