René Descartes’ Six Metaphysical Meditations (1641) explores fundamental philosophical questions. He begins by doubting all beliefs to establish certainty (Meditation 1). He then proves his own existence (Meditation 2: "I think, therefore I am") and argues for the existence of God (Meditations 3 & 5). He distinguishes mind from body (Meditation 6), establishing dualism. His work laid the foundation for modern philosophy and rationalist thought.
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