What contribution can and does art and artists make to the human rights project? This episode brings together experts from the Essex human rights community to consider a relationship which is all-too often overlooked by the mainstream human rights community. The host, Dr Andrew Fagan is joined by Dr Gavin Grindon, Anastasiia Korabljova, and Professor Lars Waldorf.
This week, leading experts on AI and human rights discuss the relationship between AI and human rights. Is AI bad for our rights? Should human rights supporters embrace AI? Dr Andrew Fagan is joined by Essex Law School and HRC colleagues Dr Antonio Coco, D Giulia Gentile and Dr Zhenbin Zuo
Host Dr Andrew Fagan discusses the current state of human rights with Essex professor of law and globally renowned human rights advocate, Paul Hunt. Does human rights have a future? If so, what is this likely to look like and what do we have to do now to support human rights?
Standing up for your rights is becoming increasingly difficult in many countries. What rights do we have to peacefully protest and why are these rights under attack? Liberty UK's Sam Grant and Essex sociologist and HRC member, Dr Anna Di Ronco join our host Dr Andrew Fagan to consider this complex and all important topic.
In this podcast, you will listen to the book launch of Dr Aviv Gaon’s latest book: ‘The Future of Copyright in the Age of Artificial Intelligence’, in which Dr Gaon explores the fundamentals of copyright law and AI, suggesting new models for considering the future of authorship and basic concepts in copyright as we further move into a world where we see more AI generated content.
Discussants include Prof. Peter Menell from UC Berkeley (USA), Prof. Pina D’Agostino from Osgoode Hall Law School, York University (Canada), Prof. Stavroula Karapapa from the University of Essex, School of Law (UK), and Dr. Aviv Gaon from the Harry Radzyner Law School, Reichman University (Israel). The book launch was organized by Dr Eden Sarid from the University of Essex School of Law.
In this podcast, you will listen to the book launch of Dr Hedi Viterbo’s latest book: ‘Problematizing Law, Rights, and Childhood in Israel/Palestine’, in which Dr Viterbo radically challenges our picture of law, human rights, and childhood, both in and beyond the Israel/Palestine context. Commentators include Alexandra Cox, a Senior Lecturer at the University of Essex Department of Sociology; Maryam Jamshidi, an Assistant Professor of Law at the University of Florida Levin College of Law; and Yaël Ronen, Professor of Law at the Academic Center for Science and Law at Hod Hasharon, and the Minerva Center for Human Rights at The Hebrew University in Jerusalem. The book launch was organized by Dr Haim Abraham from the University of Essex School of Law and UCL Faculty of Laws, and Dr Eden Sarid from the University of Essex School of Law.
In the third episode of the LGBTQ+ Podcast, our guest, Cate Fantacci, discusses the public perception of LGBT+ people in Italy and how it is influenced by the Catholic Church.
Although Italy is a secularised country, the Catholic Church often expresses its opinion on political matters. Few Church officials affirm LGBT+ people. In 2003, the Congregation for the Doctrine of Faith stated that same-sex marriage would be inconsistent with Christian conscience. In 2013, the Church started to condemn the so-called ‘gender philosophy.’ More recently, in 2020, in debates regarding the bill on discrimination and hate crimes against LGBTQ+ people, religious actors talked about the bill as an attack on freedom of speech.
A lot of homophobia stems from media which provides Italian politicians with a platform to share their homophobic beliefs. For example, Giorgia Meloni, leader of a national-conservative party, stated, that she would rather not have a gay son. Mario Adinolfi, leader of a social-conservative party, described LGBT+ parenting as a criminal ideological abomination. Instead of deconstructing harmful beliefs, the mass media enforces derogatory stereotypes.
The most recent development regarding gay rights in Italy is the anti-discrimination bill that makes violence against LGBT+ people a hate crime. Nevertheless, the bill faces opposition from right-wing parties and the Italian Roman Catholic Church, who claim that the existing protections are strong enough.
LGBT+ rights groups in Italy: Arcigay, Arcilesbica, ARCO, Il Rainbow Center Napoli (in Naples), AGedO, Azione Gay e Lesbica (in Florence), Di' Gay Project (in Rome), Centro di Iniziativa Gay Milano (in Milan).
On a positive note, Cate recommends Brandi Carlile’s memoir ‘Broken Horses.’
If you wish to be involved in a future season of the LGBTQ+ Pride and the Law: A Podcast, please contact elawclinic@essex.ac.uk for more information!
Our second podcast is with Dr. Haim Abraham, a lecturer at the University of Essex. He gives us an informative discussion on surrogacy in relation to the LGBTQ+ community in Israel, educating us on the developments being made and the ones needed to ensure they have equal rights to surrogacy.
As the LGBTQ+ community in Israel grows so does their advocation of equal rights. Within Israel, the Embryo Carrying Agreement Act is how surrogacy is regulated. However, its requirements discriminate against the LGBTQ+ community, such as only allowing surrogacy to be available for married heterosexual couples.
In recent years, there have been achievements; the courts acknowledging LGBTQ+ relationships and recognizing that the law is discriminatory towards same-sex couples as seen in 2010 case of Arad-Pinkas (HCJ 1078/10 Arad-Pinkas v The Surrogacy Agreements Approval Committee) which led to a petition for law reform. Nonetheless, the courts argued that the law was proportionate due to the lack of research on its effect on familial structure regardless of the acceptance of surrogacy undertaken abroad. This led to the financial burden on Israel’s LGBTQ+ couples to undertake surrogacy abroad which costs more than $100,000 and thus discriminates against the LGBTQ+ community.
Ultra-Orthodox Jewish parties in the Knesset continue to advocate for a fully religious vision of Israel. These religious considerations caused a lack of political support for the LGBTQ+ movement and led to LGBTQ+ rights not seen as legitimate rights as they go against religious belief. This is evident under the Embryo Carrying Agreement Act which is how surrogacy is regulated in Israel. The Act includes legal requirements that discriminate against the LGBTQ+ community and shows the importance of religious attitudes, where particular attention was given to Jewish law. This can be seen in the requirements stated for surrogacy, in particular that the procedure is available for only married heterosexual couples as well as the requirement for the intended parents and surrogate to follow the same religion.
Additionally, homophobic attitudes are still present with the communities. Regardless of the enormous pressure for change since 2010, the lack of action shown by the government reveals the long road ahead for the LGBTQ+ community.
LGBTQ+ Organisations in Israel
- Tehila
- The Aguda (The Association for LGBTQ Equality in Israel)
- Iggy The Proud Youth Organisation (Israel’s national LGBTQ youth organization)
- Bat-Kol(the only NGO of LGBTQ women in Israel)
Extra Resources
- Dr Haim’s research paper on surrogacy in Israel can be found here
- Surrogacy in Israel Conference
If you wish to be involved in a future season of the LGBTQ+ Pride and the Law: A Podcast, please contact elawclinic@essex.ac.uk for more information!
Asylum claims based on sexual orientation and gender identity are systematically rejected both in the UK and Europe. The officials often expect the claimant to convince them that they are ‘truly’ gay or trans or other. One in three claimants is refused asylum because the officials did not believe their sexual orientation or gender identity. According to international human rights law, instead of asking whether the claimant is undoubtedly gay, the officials should ask whether they face a threat of prosecution in their country of origin based on the grounds of their sexuality. There is also a cultural and language barrier. Many languages are not conditioned to express non-heteronormative relationships and identities.
In the UK, the LGBTQ+ asylum seekers suffer consequences of hostile asylum policies, especially in regards to housing. 60 per cent of LGBTQ+ asylum seekers live with friends and partners in private rented accommodations or houses of multiple occupations. Those who interact with their landlords face indifference or discrimination.
Nevertheless, there have been some positive developments in the case law regarding the LGBTQ+ community in the UK. In Birmingham City Council v Afsar, the case discussed in this episode, the Court agreed that an interim injunction should be granted to restrain the anti-LGBT protests organised by parents of students of the local primary school.
SOGICA Project indicates that, according to international human rights law, instead of asking whether the claimant is undoubtedly gay, the officials should ask whether they face a threat of prosecution in their country of origin based on the grounds of their sexuality or gender identity. Moreover, Vinnosh mentions the case HJ and HT v Home Secretary, where the Court decided that the fact that the claimants would not face prosecution in their country provided they concealed their sexuality could not be an argument in favor of deportation.
Vinnosh also recommends the movie My Son is Gay.
Here are some organizations that help LGBTQ+ asylum seekers with links to their websites:
LGSMigrants (Lesbian and Gays Support the Migrants): http://www.lgsmigrants.com/do-you-need-help
UK Lesbian & Gay Immigration Group: https://uklgig.org.uk/
Stonewall UK: https://www.stonewall.org.uk/asylum
City of Sanctuary UK (provides a list of local groups that support the LGBT+ asylum seekers):
If you wish to be involved in a future season of the LGBTQ+ Pride and the Law: A Podcast, please contact elawclinic@essex.ac.uk for more information!
Tom Parker, a counter-terrorism practitioner and former UN war crimes investigator, recently published a book called Avoiding the Terrorist Trap, in which he argues that counter-terrorism strategy grounded in respect for human rights is the only truly effective approach to defeating terrorism. In this episode, Tom joins Daragh Murray in a discussion exploring everything from why people engage in terrorism, to how existing counter-terrorism approaches can be counter-productive.
Tom Parker has worked as a European Union-sponsored adviser to the Office of the National Security Adviser (ONSA) in Baghdad, Iraq, prior to which he served as a Counter-Terrorism Strategist at the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre (UNCCT) and as the Adviser on Human Rights and Counter-Terrorism to the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force (CTITF). He has also served as the Policy Director for Terrorism, Counter-terrorism and Human Rights for Amnesty International USA, as the Special Adviser on Transitional Justice to the Coalition Provisional Authority, as a war crimes investigator with the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in both Bosnia and Kosovo, and as an Intelligence Officer in the British Security Service (MI5).
Tom’s book, Avoiding The Terrorist Trap: Why Respect For Human Rights Is The Key To Defeating Terrorism is available now.
The doctrine of qualified immunity protects government officials from being held personally liable for constitutional violations, and thus poses a significant challenge for individuals seeking compensation for abuses of public power in the US. In light of continuing police brutality against Black Lives Matter protesters, many are calling for the doctrine to be reformed or abolished.
In this episode, Dr Haim Abraham is joined by Nimra Azmi, Prof. Joanna Schwartz and Dr Jennifer Page to discuss how qualified immunity shields police officers from personal liability for wrongful use of force, and how other avenues of justice and reparations might be explored.
Nimra Azmi is a staff attorney at Muslim Advocates, where she she uses litigation and other tools of legal advocacy to protect American Muslim individuals and communities from discrimination and bigotry.
Joanna Schwartz is Professor of Law at UCLA School of Law. She teaches Civil Procedure and a variety of courses on police accountability and public interest lawyering. Professor Schwartz is a leading expert on police misconduct litigation in the US. Professor Schwartz additionally studies the dynamics of modern civil litigation. She is co-author, with Stephen Yeazell, of a leading casebook, Civil Procedure (10th Edition).
Dr Jennifer Page is a postdoctoral fellow at University of Zurich’s Department of Philosophy, where her research focuses on reparations and state accountability.
Dr. Haim Abraham is a Lecturer at the University of Essex School of Law. His research focuses on the liability of public bodies and officials and private law theory, and he teaches Tort Law, The Law of Obligations, and Contract Law. Dr. Abraham holds a Doctor of Juridical Science degree from the University of Toronto, a Master of Law degree from the University of Cambridge, and a Bachelor of Law degree combined with the Interdisciplinary Honours Program in the Humanities from The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, where he was on the editorial board of the Israel Law Review.
Article 18 of the European Convention on Human Rights prohibits the restriction of rights for any other purpose than those for which they are prescribed. It aims to prevent the abuse of power by state authorities, or the restriction of rights for illegitimate purposes. In this episode, Prof. Başak Çalı and Dr Corina Heri join Daragh Murray to discuss the history of Article 18, the case law around it, and whether it can speak to the rule of law crisis unfolding in Europe today.
Prof. Başak Çalı is Professor of International Law at the Hertie School and Director of the School's Centre for Fundamental Rights. Çalı is the Chair of European Implementation Network and a Fellow of the Human Rights Centre of the University of Essex. She has acted as a Council of Europe expert on the European Convention on Human Rights since 2002. She received her PhD in International Law from the University of Essex in 2003.
Dr Corina Heri is a researcher in international human rights law. She has been a postdoctoral researcher at the Amsterdam Center for International Law (ACIL) since 2017. Before that, she completed her PhD research at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, in 2017.
Open Source Researchers of Color (OSROC), a collective of open-source researchers and investigators, recently published a guide to help protestors protect themselves against police surveillance both online and offline. Their guide includes tips on how to communicate safely before and during protests, how to evade facial recognition technology, and how to responsibly post or preserve photos and videos.
Access the Protestor Privacy Guide here: https://docs.google.com/document/d/12On3cg4figX2arDOl3ymDGOyBqbtpB1bNVh7maCurRU/edit
Read more about the project here: https://citizenevidence.org/2020/06/03/protecting-protester-privacy-against-police-surveillance/
Shakiba Mashayekhi is a member of OSROC and has previously worked as a Project Manager at UC Berkeley’s Human Rights Investigations Lab. @shxiba
Leenah Bassouni previously worked as an open source investigator at the Human Rights Investigations Lab at UC Berkeley and is currently a postgraduate student in MA Human Rights Law at SOAS. @diasporaleenah
Rachael Cornejo previously worked as an open source investigator at the Human Rights Investigations Lab at UC Berkeley and also works at the Center for Long-Term Cybersecurity. @RachaelCornejo
No Recourse to Public Funds is a key part of the UK government's Hostile Environment policy, designed and intended to make the lives of illegal immigrants difficult. In this episode, Kimberly Garande of We Belong and Andy Jolly of the University of Wolverhampton join Daragh Murray to discuss the impact that NRPF has on migrants' lives, and how hostile environment policies more widely have turned regular people, from NHS workers to school teachers, into agents of border enforcement. Plus, Koldo Casla of the University of Essex explains how the No Recourse to Public Funds policy puts the UK in breach of its international human rights obligations.
Kimberly Garande was born in Zimbabwe and migrated to the UK aged 9. She now works as Outreach Officer at We Belong, an organisation of young UK migrants campaigning for a shorter, more affordable route to settlement.
Andy Jolly is Research Associate at the Institute for Community Research and Development, University of Wolverhampton. He is a qualified social worker who previously led a project working with families with No Recourse to Public Funds.
Koldo Casla is a lecturer at Essex Law School and Deputy Director of the Human Rights Clinic. He previously worked on social and economic rights in the UK at Just Fair.
In England, 1.3 million school-aged children rely on Free School Meals throughout the year. Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, the government has launched a food voucher scheme to ensure that children who were missing school do not go hungry. However, by planning to end the voucher scheme before the summer holidays, the government is leaving children to go hungry and increasing the strain on local organisations already struggling to meet the basic needs of desperate families across the UK .
In this episode, we hear from Candice James, who manages a community centre in Brixton and works directly with families who rely on free school meals or who have been newly plunged into poverty as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as Imogen Richmond-Bishop of Just Fair and Sustain, who are preparing to take a legal case to prevent #HolidayHunger.
Many have spoken out about this issue and are placing pressure on the government to reverse their decision to end the food voucher scheme, including 16-year-old student Christina from London and footballer Marcus Rashford. You can read more about their campaigns here:
The Good Law Project and Sustain’s campaign: https://www.crowdjustice.com/case/dont-let-children-go-hungry/
Christina’s petition: https://www.change.org/p/boris-johnson-don-t-take-away-lunches-for-1-3-million-kids-on-free-school-meals
Marcus Rashford’s letter to MPs: https://www.theguardian.com/football/2020/jun/15/protect-the-vulnerable-marcus-rashfords-emotional-letter-to-mps
Candice James is Manager of Loughborough Community Centre at Max Roach in Brixton, South London. Twitter: @can_jam
Imogen Richmond-Bishop is Communications, Research, and Advocacy Manager for Just Fair, an organisation which monitors and advocates for the protection of economic and social rights (ESR) in the UK. She is also the Right to Food project coordinator for Sustain: The Alliance for Better Food and Farming.
UNHCR have released a set of documents relating to protection considerations in the context of the COVID-19 response here: https://www.refworld.org/covid19.html
Roughly 75% of refugees live in overcrowded camps, settlements or shelters around the world, where they lack access to adequate sanitation, and are therefore extremely vulnerable to the COVID-19 pandemic. In this episode of RightsCast, Dr. Madeline Garlick of UNHCR and Professor Geoff Gilbert of the University of Essex discuss the work to protect the 80 million people of concern to UNHCR globally, and how that work is adapting to the challenges posed by Coronavirus.
Their enlightening conversation ranges from a reminder of states’ obligation to provide access to asylum in a context of closed borders, to how refugees are contributing to health responses in their communities, and ultimately ends with a call for strengthened international cooperation in light of the Global Compact on Refugees.
Dr. Madeline Garlick is Chief of the Protection Policy and Legal Advice Section at the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). She is also Guest Researcher at the Centre for Migration Law, Radboud University, the Netherlands, and teaches on an occasional basis at Sciences Po, Paris, Oxford University and at the College of Europe, Bruges. Madeline was responsible for UNHCR’s liaison with the EU institutions from 2004–2013. She has worked for the Migration Policy Institute, the UN in Cyprus and Bosnia and Herzegovina on legal issues related to the rights of displaced people. She is a qualified barrister and solicitor in Victoria, Australia.
Geoff Gilbert is a Professor of Law in the School of Law and Human Rights Centre at the University of Essex. He was Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Refugee Law from 2002-15 and is co-Editor-in-Chief as of September 2019; he also sits on the Advisory Board. In 2014 he was appointed a consultant to UNHCR (with Anna Magdalena Rüsch) on Rule of Law: Engagement for Solutions and is part of the Solutions Alliance Thematic Group on Rule of Law. He has carried out human rights training on behalf of the Council of Europe and UNHCR in the Russian Federation (Siberia, the Urals and Kalmykskaya), Georgia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia and Kosovo.
Get updates from ECCHR on the trial here: https://www.ecchr.eu/en/case/trial-monitoring-first-trial-worldwide-on-torture-in-syria/
In the Higher Regional Court in Koblenz, Germany, two former Syrian intelligence officials are currently on trial for crimes against humanity. Anwar R and Eyad A are both accused of torture which allegedly took place between 2011 and 2012 at the General Intelligence Directorate’s al-Khatib detention facility in Damascus, also known as Branch 251.
The landmark Al-Khatib trial marks the first time that any former members of Assad’s Syrian regime are being put on trial, and it is an important first step on the road to justice for victims. The trial is the result of a series of criminal complaints by Syrian torture survivors, relatives and activists, and it is possible because of Germany’s recognition of the principle of universal jurisdiction.
Universal jurisdiction provides states jurisdiction over crimes against international law even when the crime did not occur on that state’s territory and when the perpetrator is not a national of that state. However, the principle has been relatively underused in recent years. Could the Al-Khatib trial be the turning point in a new resurgence of universal jurisdiction cases?
Joumana Seif started her work as a human rights activist in Damascus in 2001 with a focus on political prisoners. As a lawyer, she supported the democratic movements in Syria, representing political prisoners. In 2012, one year after the start of the uprising against the Assad government, Seif left Syria. She co-founded the Syrian Women's Network and Syrian Women Political Movement (SWPM). In May 2017, she joined ECCHR as a research fellow in the International Crimes and Accountability program with a particular focus on sexualized and gender-based violence.
Andreas Schüller joined ECCHR in 2009 and directs the International Crimes and Accountability program. He graduated from law school in Trier, Germany, studied in Orléans (France), holds a LL.M. advanced degree from Leiden University, Netherlands, in Public International Law and International Criminal Law and is admitted to the Berlin bar. Schüller works on US torture and drone strikes, UK torture in Iraq, war crimes in Sri Lanka and Syria as well as further international crimes cases. He publishes and lectures on international criminal law and human rights enforcement.
The human rights issues emerging from the COVID-19 pandemic sweeping the globe are unprecedented and wide-ranging. In this episode, Daragh Murray is joined by Judith Bueno de Mesquita and Koldo Casla to discuss the right to health and economic and social rights, but also the importance of international solidarity extending beyond human rights. Plus, we hear from Human Rights Centre alum Matteo Bassetti, who gives an insight into the current situation in Italy, where they are more than two weeks into a nationwide lockdown.
Judith Bueno de Mesquita is a Lecturer and Co-Deputy Director of the Human Rights Centre in the School of Law and Human Rights Centre. Her research focuses on health and human rights, development and rights, and economic, social and cultural rights. She has particular interests in sexual and reproductive health, as well as the work on health and rights of UN institutions. Her current research focuses on the relationship of health and other social rights, and climate change, health and rights. She is currently the coordinator of the Economic and Social Rights Academic Network UK and Ireland (ESRAN UKI).
In this blog post, Judith explores key human rights questions for the UK in the COVID-19 pandemic: https://hrcessex.wordpress.com/2020/03/23/covid-19-key-human-rights-questions-for-the-uk/
Dr Koldo Casla is Lecturer in Law and Deputy Director of the Human Rights Centre Clinic. He leads the Centre’s 'Human Rights Local' project. Between 2016 and 2019, Koldo was the Policy Director of Just Fair, leading the organisation's research, strategic communications, partnerships and campaigning on economic and social rights in the UK.
Read Koldo’s piece on the importance of solidarity beyond human rights: https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/transformation/coronavirus-beyond-human-rights/
Modern technology - and the enhanced access it provides to information about human rights abuses - has the potential to revolutionise human rights reporting and documentation, as well as the pursuit of legal accountability. However, these new methods for information gathering and dissemination have also created significant challenges for investigators and researchers. The capture and dissemination of content often happens haphazardly, and for a variety of motivations. For this content to be of use to investigators it must be discovered, verified, and authenticated. These skills have therefore become critical for human rights organisations and human rights lawyers.
This panel, marking the launch of Digital Witness - the first textbook dedicated to open source investigations - brings together leading experts in the open source movement, discussing what the future holds for the use of open source techniques in human rights investigations.
Sam Dubberley, head of the Evidence Lab in Amnesty’s Crisis Response Programme, is joined by Yvonne Ng of WITNESS and Jeff Deutch of Syrian Archive to discuss the challenges of archiving social media content depicting human rights abuses, how this practice allows for the preservation of cultural memory, and how it might lead to justice for victims through legal mechanisms.
Alexa Koenig, executive director of the Human Rights Center and a lecturer at UC Berkeley, is joined by Lindsay Freeman, Senior Legal Researcher at UC Berkeley, and Ella McPherson, Senior Lecturer in the Sociology of New Media and Digital Technology at the University of Cambridge, to discuss their hopes and fears for the future of open-source investigations.
Digital Witness is the first book to cover the history, ethics, methods, and best-practice associated with open source research. It is intended to equip the next generation of lawyers, journalists, sociologists, data scientists, other human rights activists, and researchers with the cutting-edge skills needed to work in an increasingly digitized and information-saturated environment.
For more information about Digital Witness and to purchase a copy, head to this link: https://global.oup.com/academic/product/digital-witness-9780198836070
Graham Dossett is a former police officer who now uses his experience to advise on policing and human rights issues. He is currently a member of the advisory council for the development of a Universal Protocol for Investigative Interviewing, led by the Association for the Prevention of Torture, the Anti-Torture Initiative and the Norwegian Centre for Human Rights. In this episode, Graham joins Daragh Murray to discuss the importance of ethical, non-coercive interviewing practices.
Graham Dossett is a Visiting Fellow of the Human Rights Centre at the University of Essex. Having served as a police officer in the United Kingdom for thirty years, Graham gained extensive experience as a hostage negotiator and trainer. Since his retirement, he went on to complete the LLM in International Human Rights Law at the University of Essex and now works as an independent advisor in the field of policing and human rights.
Graham has undertaken work for a variety of organisations, including the International Committee of the Red Cross, the International Institute of Humanitarian Law, the United Nations, the University of Essex Human Rights Centre, the Raoul Wallenberg Institute and others. He is currently serving as a member of the Advisory Council of a project undertaken by the APT (Association for the Prevention of Torture), together with Anti-Torture Initiative (ATI) and the Norwegian Center for Human Rights (NCHR) - the project aims to develop a set of guidelines on investigative interviewing by law-enforcement officials and on the implementation of associated legal and procedural safeguards. These guidelines aim to reduce the well-documented risk of mistreatment and coercion that persons face during questioning by law enforcement, and during the first hours of custody.
You can read more about the project here: https://www.apt.ch/en/universal-protocol-on-non-coercive-interviews/
Graham’s personal website: http://www.p-hr.org.uk/home