In 1864, the twin German powers of Austria and Prussia join together to beat up on little Denmark. In 1866, they have a falling out and beat up on each-other. The Italians, still salty over their last war with Austria, join on Prussia’s side, with the goal of seizing Venice once and for all. The Austro-Prussian War, also known as the Seven Weeks’ War, will determine which power – Austria or Prussia – will control the destiny of Germany. Meanwhile, Italian nationalists have their eyes set on more than Venice. If they can manage it, they aim to conquer Rome itself.   TABLE OF CONTENTS: Chapter One: The Iron Chancellor – 00:01:31 Chapter Two: The Second Schleswig-Holstein War – 00:23:22 Chapter Three: The Diplomatic Crisis of 1865-1866 – 01:05:43 Chapter Four: The Timelines Converge – 01:33:21 Chapter Five: Venetia or Bust – 01:48:51 Chapter Six: The War With Many Names – 02:15:19 Chapter Seven: Iron and Blood – 02:42:52 Chapter Eight: Königgrätz – 02:58:12 Chapter Nine: Garibaldi Saves the Day – 03:21:12 Chapter Ten: An Amicable Peace – 03:37:58 Chapter Eleven: The Roman Question – 04:00:33 Chapter Twelve: The Dual Monarchy – 04:33:26   SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE! Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Any Platform: https://bit.ly/RelHistSub Relevant History on Twitter/X: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4 Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vRfBLk-SmW6SKS_bsBCkzR32Xb3SiyLDDCymQO8tyJyvAlDvvkzDkVvuD4AiR6-fRKuzrRZjjwijM3-/pub Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan   SOURCES: Quintin Barry, Road to Koniggratz: Helmuth von Moltke and the Austro-Prussian War 1866 Derek Beales and Eugenio F. Biagini, The Risorgimento and the Unification of Italy John Breuilly, The Formation of the First German Nation-State, 1800–1871 Tim Chapman, The Risorgimento: Italy 1815-71 Charles A. Coulombe, The Pope’s Legion: The Multinational Fighting Force that Defended the Vatican Gordon A. Craig, Germany 1866-1945 Michael Embree, Bismarck’s First War: The Campaign of Schleswig and Jutland 1864 Erich Eyck, Bismarck and the German Empire Giuseppe Garibaldi, Autobiography of Giuseppe Garibaldi (With Supplement by Jessie White Mario) E.E.Y. Hales, Pio Nono: A Masterful Study of Pius IX and His Role in Nineteenth-Century European Politics and Religion H.M. Hozier, The Seven Weeks' War: the Austro-Prussian Conflict of 1866 Denis Mack Smith, The Making of Italy, 1796-1870 Denis Mack Smith, Mazzini Denis Mack Smith, Modern Italy, A Political History Denis Mack Smith, Victor Emanuel, Cavour, and the Risorgimento Robin Okey, The Habsburg Monarchy: From Enlightenment to Eclipse Alan Palmer, Twilight of the Habsburgs: The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph Dennis Showalter, The Wars of German Unification Peter F. Sugar, A History of Hungary Bertha von Suttner, Lay Down Your Arms: The Autobiography of Martha von Tilling Geoffrey Wawro, The Austro-Prussian War: Austria's war with Prussia and Italy in 1866

In part three of his series on the unifications of Germany and Italy, Dan talks about the turbulent 1850s and early 60s. In Germany, this is a time of mass industrialization. With the regional economy growing at a record pace, Prussia and Austria engage in saber-rattling diplomacy over the future of the German Confederation.   Meanwhile, the new King of Piedmont-Sardinia, Victor Emmanuel II, aims to do what his father could not: conquer all of Italy. Taking advantage of Austrian weakness – and a burgeoning alliance with France – he and three other men will engineer a revolution that unites the Apennine Peninsula for the first time since the Roman Empire.   TABLE OF CONTENTS: Chapter One: The German Question – 00:04:22 Chapter Two: The Erfurt Union – 00:30:15 Chapter Three: The (Austrian) Empire Strikes Back – 00:42:24 Chapter Four: Enter Bismarck – 01:03:59 Chapter Five: Goodbye, Friedrich Wilhelm – 01:32:59 Chapter Six: Repression in Lombardy – 01:41:19 Chapter Seven: Enter Camillo Cavour – 01:51:20 Chapter Eight: Enter Victor Emmanuel – 02:04:32 Chapter Nine: The Crimean War – 02:17:48 Chapter Ten: Engineering a Revolution – 02:39:34 Chapter Eleven: The War for Northern Italy – 03:05:02 Chapter Twelve: The Expedition of the Thousand – 03:34:34 Chapter Thirteen: The Dictator of Sicily – 04:14:24 Chapter Fourteen: The Conquest of Southern Italy – 04:28:49 Chapter Fifteen: The Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy – 04:51:04 Chapter Sixteen: Rome and the Risorgimento – 05:13:43   SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE! Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Any Platform: https://bit.ly/RelHistSub Relevant History on Twitter/X: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4 Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vTILtf6-xAur_LTmOc_UJ7iH-H3L0l_O_jUjd2CwhN9q3CWJV6zM2UCbss4HP1saanj2jSurstKqKX0/pub/ Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan   SOURCES: Derek Beales and Eugenio F. Biagini, The Risorgimento and the Unification of Italy David Blackbourn, The Long Nineteenth Century: A History of Germany 1780-1918 – https://www.scribd.com/document/261666797/Long-Nineteenth-Century-History-of-Germany-1780-1918-the-David-Blackbourn Carlo Bossoli, The War in Italy Tim Chapman, The Risorgimento: Italy 1815-71 – https://read.amazon.com/?asin=B003SNK19G&ref_=dbs_t_r_kcr Gordon A. Craig, Germany 1866-1945 Erich Eyck, Bismarck and the German Empire Charles Stuart Forbes, The Campaign of Garibaldi in the Two Sicilies: A Personal Narrative Giuseppe Garibaldi, Autobiography of Giuseppe Garibaldi – -Volume 1: https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofg0001gari/page/n3/mode/2up -Volume 2: https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofg0002gari/page/n3/mode/2up  -Supplement by Jesse White Mario: https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofg0003gari/page/4/mode/2up E.E.Y. Hales, Pio Nono: A Masterful Study of Pius IX and His Role in Nineteenth-Century European Politics and Religion Denis Mack Smith, Cavour, a Biography Denis Mack Smith, Cavour and Garibaldi, 1860: A Study in Political Conflict Denis Mack Smith, The Making of Italy, 1796-1870 – https://archive.org/details/makingofitaly1790000mack/page/n3/mode/2up Denis Mack Smith, Mazzini Denis Mack Smith, Modern Italy, A Political History Denis Mack Smith, Victor Emanuel, Cavour, and the Risorgimento Giuseppe Mazzini, Address to Pope Pius IX, On His Encyclical Letter – https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=YURTAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PP4&hl=en Damian McElrath, The Syllabus of Pius IX: Some Reactions in England The New York Times, The Attempted Assassination of the Emperor of the French - https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1858/02/09/78528596.pdf Robin Okey, The Habsburg Monarchy: From Enlightenment to Eclipse – https://

Often called the “Springtime of Nations,” the year 1848 is one of turmoil throughout Europe. Revolutions are everywhere, from France to Romania. In Germany, Prussia is ascendant. Rather than fight calls for German nationalization, savvy King Friedrich Wilhelm IV puts himself at the head of the revolution. Austria watches helplessly from the sidelines, distracted by trouble at home and abroad. In Italy, King Charles Albert of Piedmont-Sardinia battles the Austrians for control in the north, while local revolutions topple governments in Venice, Florence, and Rome itself.   I apologize for the drop in audio quality from roughly 1:58:30 to 2:11:20. Audacity wasn’t recording for that portion so I had to make do with the already-compressed audio from OBS.   TABLE OF CONTENTS: Chapter One: The Sleeping Volcano – 00:04:43 Chapter Two: The Fall of Metternich – 00:32:33 Chapter Three: The Vienna Uprising and the Hungarian Rebellion – 01:01:34 Chapter Four: Enter Franz Joseph – 01:31:34 Chapter Five: Crisis in Germany – 01:41:53 Chapter Six: The Curious Case of Lola Montez – 02:13:48 Chapter Seven: King Friedrich Wilhelm, the Conservative Revolutionary – 02:13:48 Chapter Eight: The First Schleswig-Holstein War – 02:24:20 Chapter Nine: The Revolution in Venice – 02:42:33 Chapter Ten: Charles Albert Versus Radetzky – 03:14:53 Chapter Eleven: Enter Garibaldi – 03:36:46 Chapter Twelve: A Sidebar on Sicily – 04:01:17 Chapter Thirteen: The Return of Mazzini – 04:08:29 Chapter Fourteen: Charles Albert Tries Again – 04:22:51 Chapter Fifteen: The Fall of the Roman Republic – 04:32:27 Chapter Sixteen: The Siege of Venice – 04:47:07 Chapter Seventeen: The End of the Revolution – 04:58:57   SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE! Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Any Platform: https://bit.ly/RelHistSub Relevant History on Twitter/X: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4 Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vRXQnNgiTX89RksqftH8gEfgwhpUtw6tHz9-zvMh4o3ddwcwq2rMui9dkFfpXixkpNVDD6xR9xtQHb8/pub Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan   SOURCES: David Blackbourn, The Long Nineteenth Century: A History of Germany 1780-1918 – https://www.scribd.com/document/261666797/Long-Nineteenth-Century-History-of-Germany-1780-1918-the-David-Blackbourn Tim Chapman, The Risorgimento: Italy 1815-71 – https://read.amazon.com/?asin=B003SNK19G&ref_=dbs_t_r_kcr Gordon A. Craig, Germany 1866-1945 Friedrich Engels, Germany: Revolution and Counter-Revolution – https://archive.org/details/germanyrevolutio00enge_0 Erich Eyck, Bismarck and the German Empire Giuseppe Garibaldi, Autobiography of Giuseppe Garibaldi – -Volume 1: https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofg0001gari/page/n3/mode/2up -Volume 2: https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofg0002gari/page/n3/mode/2up  -Supplement by Jesse White Mario: https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofg0003gari/page/4/mode/2up Paul Ginsborg, Daniele Manin and the Venetian Revolution of 1848-1849 - https://archive.org/details/danielemaninvene0000gins/page/n5/mode/2up James Morton, Lola Montez: Her Life & Conquests - https://archive.org/details/lolamontezherlif0000mort/page/80/mode/2up Robin Okey, The Habsburg Monarchy: From Enlightenment to Eclipse – https://archive.org/details/habsburgmonarchy0000okey/page/n5/mode/2up Jürgen Osterhammel, The Transformation of the World, A Global History of the Nineteenth Century – https://www.everand.com/read/261688401/The-Transformation-of-the-World-A-Global-History-of-the-Nineteenth-Century Alan Palmer, Twilight of the Habsburgs: The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph – https://archive.org/details/twilightofhabsbu0000palm Carlo Pisacane, Guerra Combattuta in Italia Neglo Anni 1848-49 Mike Rapport,

At the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the victorious allied powers restore Central Europe to its pre-war status: a bunch of small, semi-independent German and Italian states, dominated by more powerful neighbors. But the idea of nationalism, spread by Napoleon’s armies, is a genie you can’t put back in the bottle. In the German Confederation, 38 tiny countries try to establish their legitimacy, but are overshadowed by the Austrian Empire in the south and the Kingdom of Prussia in the north. Without a clear path to political nationalization, German intellectuals instead focus on building a unified German culture. In Italy, revolutionaries like Giuseppe Mazzini openly call for Risorgimento – a resurgence of Italian national identity. Drawing their inspiration from ancient Rome, these young revolutionaries will spend an entire generation battling to overthrow their Austrian overlords while avoiding French domination. SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE! Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Any Platform: https://bit.ly/RelHistSub   Relevant History on Twitter/X: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4  Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/1r7N2KkmrRtrPBJliHzEkkKlmEsGtk8c8NzWI03eRn7A/pub    Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan   SOURCES: David Blackbourn, The Long Nineteenth Century: A History of Germany 1780-1918 – https://www.scribd.com/document/261666797/Long-Nineteenth-Century-History-of-Germany-1780-1918-the-David-Blackbourn  Tim Chapman, The Risorgimento: Italy 1815-71 – https://read.amazon.com/?asin=B003SNK19G&ref_=dbs_t_r_kcr Gordon A. Craig, Germany 1866-1945 Friedrich Engels, Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Germany – https://archive.org/details/germanyrevolutio00enge_0 Erich Eyck, Bismarck and the German Empire Giuseppe Garibaldi, Autobiography of Giuseppe Garibaldi – https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofg0003gari/page/4/mode/2up Giuseppe Mazzini, Address to Pope Pius IX, On His Encyclical Letter – https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=YURTAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PP4&hl=en Jürgen Osterhammel, The Transformation of the World, A Global History of the Nineteenth Century – https://www.everand.com/read/261688401/The-Transformation-of-the-World-A-Global-History-of-the-Nineteenth-Century Alan Palmer, Twilight of the Habsburgs: The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph – https://archive.org/details/twilightofhabsbu0000palm Pope Pius IX, Non Semel (Italian) – https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-ix/it/documents/allocuzione-non-semel-29-aprile-1848.html Mike Rapport, 1848, Year of Revolution Denis Mack Smith, The Making of Italy, 1796-1870 – https://archive.org/details/makingofitaly1790000mack/page/n3/mode/2up Denis Mack Smith, Modern Italy, A Political History Nick Svendsen, The First Schleswig-Holstein War 1848-50 – https://www.everand.com/read/402302021/The-First-Schleswig-Holstein-War-1848-50 

In the first century BC, the Roman Republic is expanding rapidly across the Mediterranean basin. As the legions venture eastward into Anatolia, the Romans are able to divide and conquer all of their enemies, except for one: Mithridates VI of Pontus, also known as the Poison King.   Mithridates is more than a mere historical figure; he’s a mythic hero, born under the sign of a shooting star and nearly murdered by his own mother before spending much of his youth in the wilderness. These details may sound made up, but truth is often stranger than fiction, and the story of Mithridates is one of the strangest ever told.   Map of Anatolia during Mithridates’ reign: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Asia_Minor_in_the_Greco-Roman_period_-_general_map_-_regions_and_main_settlements.jpg   My Interview with Sean McFadden of Deep Noetics: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eecCdz7cbug   SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE! Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Any Platform: https://bit.ly/RelHistSub   Relevant History on Twitter/X: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4   Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vRmqvP5OKsISkJeh798lUhzBaublU3RwXtQJm78gx0jBSn5i5rM7PlmXIC7RXxs2G6bjymLQKKX8Kgn/pub Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan   SOURCES: Appian: https://www.livius.org/sources/content/appian/appian-the-mithridatic-wars/ Cassius Dio: https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/home.html Justin: https://www.attalus.org/translate/justin6.html#37.1 Livy: https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/baker-the-history-of-rome-vol-6 (Livy’s work on Mithridates is lost. Only a summary remains.) Philip Matyszak, Mithridates the Great, Rome’s Indomitable Enemy: https://www.everand.com/read/444975669/Mithridates-the-Great-Rome-s-Indomitable-Enemy Adrienne Mayor, The Poison King, the Life and Legend of Mithradates, Rome’s Deadliest Enemy Valerius Maximus: http://attalus.org/info/valerius.html Brian McGing, The Foreign Policy of Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontus: https://archive.org/details/foreignpolicyofm0000mcgi/page/n13/mode/2up Brian McGing (Encyclopaedia Iranica article on Pontus): https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/pontus Plutarch’s Parallel Lives:                 -Sulla https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Sulla*.html                 -Lucullus https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Lucullus*.html                 -Pompey https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Pompey*.html                 -Sertorius https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Sertorius*.html Rank-Raglan mythotype and scores: https://everything.explained.today/Rank%E2%80%93Raglan_mythotype/ Laurence M. V. Totelin (study on antidote): https://www.jstor.org/stable/4130095?read-now=1&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

Bonus Episode – Why Capitalists Make the Best Communists In this bonus episode, Dan delves into the nitty-gritty of far-left politics and the history of various ideologies dedicated to the establishment of communism. Then he asks the question: What if the best way to build an egalitarian utopia is via the power of capitalism? Apologies for the constant birdsong in the background. It was a gorgeous day and I decided to record with the window open. Never again! SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE! Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Any Platform: https://bit.ly/RelHistSub   Relevant History on Twitter/X: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4 Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vQJPex4SmcO4a7c-p2sh7OEz0VaDlS1_oxinP_qlwWz5IhxwBgGnkyYw11LPKY6XxzmsdevibU40VYL/pub            Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan

In the sixth and final installment on the French Revolution, Dan takes a deep dive into one of history’s most influential and controversial figures: Napoleon Bonaparte. After winning victory for France in Northern Italy, the brilliant young general has the attention of the French Directory. A campaign in Egypt and victory in another war will put Napoleon in a position to become Emperor. But across the English Channel, Great Britain continues a naval blockade and a diplomatic campaign to unite Europe against the new French Empire. To hold onto power, Napoleon will battle a series of coalitions, each time hoping it will be the last. Win or lose, one thing is certain: Europe – and the world – will never be the same. NOTE: Because this is a very long episode, I have included timestamps for each chapter at the end of this description.   SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE! Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Any Platform: https://bit.ly/RelHistSub     Relevant History on Twitter/X: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4   Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vSX7OwjHODNJxt3aNlynA1e2SPLsHaavqDrhe4RmhOWBJwB23UlY84yO6nIXdutScKLplri9xQVUIwi/pub Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan   CHAPTER TIMESTAMPS: Introduction – 0:00:00 Chapter 1: The French Directory – 0:5:09 Chapter 2: The Invasion of Egypt – 0:33:03 Chapter 3: The Second Directory – 0:55:04 Chapter 4: Napoleon Takes Command – 1:10:32 Chapter 5: The War of the Second Coalition – 1:41:18 Chapter 6: The French Consulate – 2:20:01 Chapter 7: A Changing Continent – 2:47:07 Chapter 8: Emperor Napoleon – 3:08:54 Chapter 9: The War of the Third Coalition – 3:32:04 Chapter 10: Austerlitz – 3:52:41 Chapter 11: The End of an Empire – 4:13:22 Chapter 12: The War of the Fourth Coalition – 4:30:35 Chapter 13: The Continental System and the Peninsular War – 4:48:09 Chapter 14: Re-Painting the Map of Europe – 5:02:30 Chapter 15: The War of the Fifth Coalition – 5:21:38 Chapter 16: Life in Napoleonic France – 5:42:49 Chapter 17: Spies and Diplomats – 5:54:01 Chapter 18: The Grande Armée – 6:10:27 Chapter 19: The Arson of Moscow – 6:31:46 Chapter 20: The War of 1812 – 6:41:45 Chapter 21: The War of the Sixth Coalition – 6:49:15 Chapter 22: The Fall of an Emperor – 7:28:24 Chapter 23: Elba – 7:44:39 Chapter 24: The Bourbon Restoration – 7:56:20 Chapter 25: The March to Paris – 8:13:11 Chapter 26: The Hundred Days – 8:28:31 Chapter 27: Waterloo – 8:43:24 Chapter 28: The Death of a Legend – 9:02:22 Chapter 29: The World After Napoleon – 9:14:19 Epilogue: What Did the French Revolution Achieve? – 9:42:38

The Reign of Terror reaches a climax when the French Revolutionaries begin to turn on one another. Jacques Hébert and Georges Danton are executed, and Robespierre rules briefly as a dictator, verging on a god-king. After the Festival of the Supreme Being, he too will face the guillotine.

When the young French Republic declares war on the Netherlands, all hell breaks loose. Within a month, the French find themselves facing a coalition that includes Austria, Prussia, Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, and most of Italy. At home, a counter-revolution in the rural Vendee region threatens to tear the country in two, and smaller federalist revolts break out in several major cities. In Paris, Robespierre and the Mountain seize control of the government from the Girondins, and send a flurry of people to the guillotine. SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE! Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Any Platform: https://bit.ly/RelHistSub   Relevant History on Twitter/X: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4 Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vRusOl_rHgnMfqWl2_2gfj95U_IWl5Jfqh8xm9edKVP5iOZ76DH9nk6QnqVSXwFKe9Xpk_3SDjhVsG6/pub Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan

After the Flight to Varennes, the Parisian public turns decisively against Louis XVI. The French constitutional monarchy teeters on the brink, reliant on a war with Austria to maintain public confidence. When the war turns against France, the French people turn against their government and overthrow the King for good. A new legislature is formed, and the revolutionaries struggle to achieve their goals on the battlefield and in politics. Meanwhile, the French Revolution cannot move forward with a deposed King who sits in limbo. As 1792 comes to a close, Louis XVI is put on trial for his life. ***CONTENT WARNING*** Since we’re coming up on the Reign of Terror and a lot of people are about to get guillotined, the last portion of this episode is an addendum on the history of capital punishment. This addendum covers both the pre-modern and modern world, and I talk about both state and non-state actors. There are graphic descriptions of torture and execution, so proceed with caution. SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE! Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Any Platform: https://bit.ly/RelHistSub   Relevant History on Twitter/X: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4 Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vSyb6ZCzMdX7smyU089I2hTLvboZamoo7WXWBYlTRXAld0Tszm80D5g1_e2MYW8x0HwNAR_yNxRd71K/pub Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan

After the Storming of the Bastille, the French Revolution shifts into high gear. The Constituent Assembly quickly abolishes feudal reforms and promotes the foundation of a new government with a document: the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. 1790 is a quieter year, but under the surface, divisions harden as the Paris political clubs metamorphosize into modern political parties. Meanwhile, the Assembly faces unexpected backlash when it passes the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, a law that converts all Catholic clergy into civil servants employed by the state. All of this culminates in the famous Flight to Varennes, an ill-fated attempt by the royal family to escape France altogether. The consequences for France – and for humanity – are yet to be seen. Dan’s interview with Ro Martin on the Stoned Genius podcast: https://spotify.link/wZdJiSEY4Db SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE! Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Any Platform: https://bit.ly/RelHistSub   Relevant History on Twitter/X: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4 Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vRO_5dI2Ubxpe-wJOFRnZbWesgwAVzm_uIbxLho0pZOaHtm24okuTMexhjNIBmc5DUxBTZxka3qbMOY/pub Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan

The French Revolution is a watershed moment not just in the history of France, but for all of humanity. Old ideas of class, hierarchy, and the divine right of kings are being challenged. For the first time since the classical era, an urban proletariat is starting to demand its own voice in politics. But the Revolution doesn’t start that way. What begins as a financial crisis for the French government requires a legislative body to sign off on new taxes. This body, the Estates General, calls for additional reforms, which provokes a reactionary response from the conservative faction of the government, led by Louis XVI’s Austrian wife, Marie Antoinette. The public backlash goes beyond the Estates General, culminating in a series of street riots that end in one of history’s most iconic moments: the Storming of the Bastille.Dan’s interview with Ben Kitchings of The History Voyager podcast: https://open.spotify.com/episode/07xhGEgKsxnCdziyitLWBQ What is the Third Estate? (Complete text): https://pages.uoregon.edu/dluebke/301ModernEurope/Sieyes3dEstate.pdf SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE! Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Google Music: https://bit.ly/30hUTRD Relevant History on Twitter: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4 Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vTx_oaOfhi7aZmALI_W1Sy-d_sPnveEGE6zmtHEbLuDWRYb3pS5LCX7x7sKUHQFlNp9IuFaUSW94HFP/pub

What do the Kennedy assassination, the Martin Luther King assassination, and the Iraq War all have in common? Maybe nothing. Or maybe they were all orchestrated by a shadow government that has quietly taken over the United States. In this bonus episode, Dan delves into the realm of conspiracy theory and asks whether everything we thought we knew about US history since 1960 was wrong. CONTENT WARNING: This episode gets political, and Dan also talks about conspiracy theories. If you prefer a straight history podcast, best to skip this one.   SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE! Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Google Music: https://bit.ly/30hUTRD Relevant History on Twitter: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4 Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vRYkYM7zJi5IUkCOVui3KkAghBEBA21oJml6prwvBfA3TA05yJy0oQiWZJLw-ZJgXPWYLrxR1Q1LWy3/pub Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan   HELPFUL LINKS: 1947 National Security Act: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Act_of_1947#Provisions 1960 U2 Incident: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_U-2_incident JFK assassination: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Ltg2RgHlsQ MLK assassination: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4TA2AIuAuW8 RFK assassination: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SVScM_9Tn-s Article on RFK assassination audio forensics: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/true-crime/wp/2018/06/06/the-bobby-kennedy-assassination-tape-were-13-shots-fired-or-only-8/ NATO expansion timeline: https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-business-world-war-ii-sweden-finland-240d97572cc783b2c7ff6e7122dd72d2 Some background on NATO-Russia relations, including as regards Ukraine: https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/why-nato-has-become-flash-point-russia-ukraine Iraq War documents leak: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War_documents_leak Collateral Murder video: https://collateralmurder.wikileaks.org/ DISHFIRE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dishfire PRISM: https://www.theverge.com/2013/7/17/4517480/nsa-spying-prism-surveillance-cheat-sheet US worker productivity vs. inflation-adjusted pay: https://www.epi.org/productivity-pay-gap/ Former US intelligence agents at social media companies: https://www.mintpressnews.com/meet-ex-cia-agents-deciding-facebook-content-policy/281307/   Robert F Kennedy audio footage courtesy of: https://www.jfklibrary.org/ Audio of Ron Wyden and James Clapper courtesy of C-SPAN (audio-only license)

The British surrender at Yorktown isn’t the end of the American War for Independence, but it’s the end of the war in North America, and within another year the war overseas is also finished. With peace comes an end to the bloodshed, a chance to rebuild, and a turning point in many people’s lives. But the end of the war is not the end of the American Revolution. Now that independence has been won, a new nation struggles to find its identity. In this episode, we’ll talk about the Constitutional Convention, George Washington’s presidency, and more. SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE! Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Google Music: https://bit.ly/30hUTRD Relevant History on Twitter: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4 Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vRe4Yrdjcca4QDfc-Yx6AC2wZlnddMbmmbVEYUsKJe-pabERL3laolInY7oJvHR7ak-fMgdmLcb0pdm/pub Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan PARTIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY: An American Crisis: George Washington and the Dangerous Two Years After Yorktown, 1781–1783 by William M. Fowler: https://amzn.to/3IUV8IF Spain and the Independence of the United States: An Intrinsic Gift by Thomas E. Chavez: https://amzn.to/40V0XN1 The American Revolution: A Global War by Richard Ernest Dupuy: https://amzn.to/3K8K8at Southern Campaigns of the American Revolution by Dan L. Morrill: https://amzn.to/3KOJtwJ 100 Decisive Battles from Ancient Times to the Present, by Paul K Davis: https://amzn.to/3BBx1Ld George Washington – A Military Life by Edward G Lengel: https://amzn.to/3Jc5kMs General George Washington: A Military Life by Edward G. Lengel: https://amzn.to/3lowoQB Valiant ambition : George Washington, Benedict Arnold, and the Fate of the American Revolution by Nathaniel Philbrick: https://amzn.to/3yLXmoe The Ascent of George Washington: The Hidden Political Genius of an American Icon by John Ferling: https://amzn.to/3JOdJXJ Washington: The Indispensable Man by James Thomas Flexner: https://amzn.to/3Lv5bqb

In 1780, the American War for Independence is at a stalemate. The British, eager to crush the rebellion once and for all, decide to change strategies and invade the American south. There, they will face not just the Continental Army, but also the backwoods militia who dominate the inland United States.   Meanwhile, the French and the Spanish will deal blow after blow to the British Empire, threatening not just Britain’s status in North America, but her dominance over world trade. With few friends on the world stage, Parliament faces a bitter truth: to save the Empire, they must sacrifice the Thirteen Colonies.   Map of the southern campaign of the American Revolutionary War: https://www.battlefields.org/sites/default/files/styles/wysiwyg_original/public/thumbnails/image/Southern-Campaign-Map-%28June-2020%29.jpg?itok=BHGUi5Z5   SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE!   Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo   Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Google Music: https://bit.ly/30hUTRD Relevant History on Twitter: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4 Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vR_3pYtLMjmaO6VOaFPuVsoXKJZ1Rv71vxXrxbdM_xVoOAYweMlT7BmPdvOaEvO-r9QRlTzTKFgMZjY/pub Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan   PARTIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY: Spain and the Independence of the United States: An Intrinsic Gift by Thomas E. Chavez: https://amzn.to/40V0XN1 The American Revolution: A Global War by Richard Ernest Dupuy: https://amzn.to/3K8K8at Southern Campaigns of the American Revolution by Dan L. Morrill: https://amzn.to/3KOJtwJ 100 Decisive Battles from Ancient Times to the Present, by Paul K Davis: https://amzn.to/3BBx1Ld George Washington – A Military Life by Edward G Lengel: https://amzn.to/3Jc5kMs General George Washington: A Military Life by Edward G. Lengel: https://amzn.to/3lowoQB Valiant ambition : George Washington, Benedict Arnold, and the Fate of the American Revolution by Nathaniel Philbrick: https://amzn.to/3yLXmoe The Ascent of George Washington: The Hidden Political Genius of an American Icon by John Ferling: https://amzn.to/3JOdJXJ Washington: The Indispensable Man by James Thomas Flexner: https://amzn.to/3Lv5bqb

In this bonus episode, Dan discusses the trend of historical presentism – judging past figures by present-day standards. Should we hold yesterday’s figures to today’s ethical norms? Or does history require a broader approach? Dan breaks down the case against presentism, along with a few points in its favor. SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE! Is History History? - https://www.historians.org/research-and-publications/perspectives-on-history/september-2022/is-history-history-identity-politics-and-teleologies-of-the-present Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Google Music: https://bit.ly/30hUTRD RSS feed: https://bit.ly/2R0Iosz Relevant History on Twitter: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm Relevant History SubscribeStar: https://www.subscribestar.com/relevant-history Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4 Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan

In the years 1778 and 1779, the American revolutionaries work to keep the British army bottled up in New York City. At the same time, the British open a second offensive in the southern states, and encourage their Native American allies to open up a series of small frontier wars in the American West. The American revolutionaries are also aided by new friends. For the first time, the French take an active role against the British. Sensing opportunity, Spain jumps on the bandwagon, hoping to retake their lost territory of Gibraltar. What began as a local uprising in the colonies is now an international war that threatens to bring the British Empire to its knees.   SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE! Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Google Music: https://bit.ly/30hUTRD Relevant History on Twitter: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4 Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vRzzs6to_BPTh0nNQ3VJlhjg4VW4R8tEHcA5ZS17YhHvmBM03v7aYitMponUurYQFg-vEFfyyN8rtuS/pub Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan   PARTIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY: George Washington – A Military Life by Edward G Lengel: https://amzn.to/3Jc5kMs Navies and the American Revolution 1775-1783 by Robert Gardiner: https://amzn.to/3yth7AW The Conquest of the Illinois by George Rogers Clark: https://amzn.to/3l51NY6 General George Washington: A Military Life by Edward G. Lengel: https://amzn.to/3lowoQB Valiant ambition : George Washington, Benedict Arnold, and the Fate of the American Revolution by Nathaniel Philbrick: https://amzn.to/3yLXmoe Portrait of a General: Sir Henry Clinton in the War of Independence by William Bradford Willcox: https://amzn.to/3lhVKjf The Ascent of George Washington: The Hidden Political Genius of an American Icon by John Ferling: https://amzn.to/3JOdJXJ The Royal Navy in European Waters During the American Revolutionary War by David Syrett: https://amzn.to/3LBVKoP Washington: The Indispensable Man by James Thomas Flexner: https://amzn.to/3Lv5bqb Gibraltar and its Sieges, with a Description of its Natural Features by Frederic George Stephens: https://amzn.to/3Lt5AcG

In July of 1776, even as the ink on the Declaration of Independence is still drying, a British invasion force invades New York, forcing George Washington and the Continental Army to retreat into New Jersey and leave America’s largest port in British hands. By winter, the cause of the United Colonies appears lost. But 1777 is a new year, and brings with it new opportunities. Will the colonists be able to turn things around and beat back the British? And if they win, what kind of country will they have created? MAP OF NEW YORK CITY (MODERN): https://ontheworldmap.com/usa/city/new-york-city/ SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE! Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Google Music: https://bit.ly/30hUTRD RSS feed: https://bit.ly/2R0Iosz Relevant History on Twitter: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm Relevant History SubscribeStar: https://www.subscribestar.com/relevant-history Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4 Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vRzzs6to_BPTh0nNQ3VJlhjg4VW4R8tEHcA5ZS17YhHvmBM03v7aYitMponUurYQFg-vEFfyyN8rtuS/pub Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan

In the aftermath of the French and Indian War, Great Britain struggles to manage her enlarged North American holdings. In an effort to fund necessary garrison troops, Parliament levies a series of taxes on the 13 Colonies, who have previously held the right to manage their own taxes. This leads to a series of protests and back-and-forth exchanges that culminates in an organized group of angry Bostonians pitching thousands of pounds worth of tea into Boston Harbor. When King George suspends the government of Massachusetts, it’s only a matter of time before violence breaks out. In this episode, Dan delves into the origins and causes of the American Revolution, and how a trade protest turns into a full-blown war for independence. SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE! Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Google Music: https://bit.ly/30hUTRD RSS feed: https://bit.ly/2R0Iosz Relevant History on Twitter: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm Relevant History SubscribeStar: https://www.subscribestar.com/relevant-history Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4 Episode transcript (90% accurate): https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vR4RpvNWlKbI1Lo4hVVlsDs1mTc0gLvJ1qd5YyjHy59d297xt7_4cMhdbU9rxENDcUXv7zgBe2aTdCg/pub Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan

Dan dives into current events once again, with an update on the war in Ukraine. Here’s where things stand in December 2022, along with some warnings for the future. SUBSCRIBE TO RELEVANT HISTORY, AND NEVER MISS AN EPISODE! Relevant History Patreon: https://bit.ly/3vLeSpF Subscribe on Spotify: https://spoti.fi/38bzOvo Subscribe on Apple Music (iTunes): https://apple.co/2SQnw4q Subscribe on Google Music: https://bit.ly/30hUTRD RSS feed: https://bit.ly/2R0Iosz Relevant History on Twitter: https://bit.ly/3eRhdtk Relevant History on Facebook: https://bit.ly/2Qk05mm Relevant History SubscribeStar: https://www.subscribestar.com/relevant-history Official website: https://bit.ly/3btvha4 Music credit: Sergey Cheremisinov - Black Swan