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Postgres FM
Nikolay Samokhvalov and Michael Christofides
161 episodes
5 hours ago
A weekly podcast about all things PostgreSQL
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All content for Postgres FM is the property of Nikolay Samokhvalov and Michael Christofides and is served directly from their servers with no modification, redirects, or rehosting. The podcast is not affiliated with or endorsed by Podjoint in any way.
A weekly podcast about all things PostgreSQL
Show more...
Technology
News,
Tech News
Episodes (20/161)
Postgres FM
When not to use Postgres

Nik and Michael discuss when not to use Postgres — specifically use cases where it still makes sense to store data in another system.
 
Here are some links to things they mentioned:

  • Just use Postgres (blog post by Ethan McCue) https://mccue.dev/pages/8-16-24-just-use-postgres
  • Just Use Postgres for Everything (blog post by Stephan Schmidt) https://www.amazingcto.com/postgres-for-everything
  • Real-time analytics episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/real-time-analytics
  • Crunchy Data Joins Snowflake https://www.crunchydata.com/blog/crunchy-data-joins-snowflake
  • Two sizes fit most: PostgreSQL and Clickhouse (blog post by Sid Sijbrandij) https://about.gitlab.com/blog/two-sizes-fit-most-postgresql-and-clickhouse
  • pg_duckdb episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/pg_duckdb
  • Cloudberry https://github.com/apache/cloudberry
  • Time-series considerations episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/time-series-considerations
  • Queues in Postgres episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/queues-in-postgres
  • Large Objects https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/largeobjects.html 
  • PGlite https://pglite.dev
  • ParadeDB https://www.paradedb.com
  • ZomboDB https://github.com/zombodb/zombodb
  • turbopuffer https://turbopuffer.com
  • HNSW vs. DiskANN (blog post by Haziqa Sajid) https://www.tigerdata.com/learn/hnsw-vs-diskann
  • SPANN: Highly-efficient Billion-scale Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search (paper) https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/SPANN_finalversion1.pdf
  • Amazon S3 Vectors https://aws.amazon.com/s3/features/vectors
  • Iterative Index Scans added to pgvector in 0.8.0 https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector/issues/678
  • S3 FDW from Supabase https://github.com/supabase/wrappers/tree/main/wrappers/src/fdw/s3_fdw


~~~

What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!


~~~

Postgres FM is produced by:

  • Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard
  • Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai


With credit to:

  • Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork
Show more...
1 day ago
46 minutes

Postgres FM
Disks

Nik and Michael discuss disks in relation to Postgres — why they matter, how saturation can happen, some modern nuances, and how to prepare to avoid issues.
 
Here are some links to things they mentioned:

  • Nik’s tweet demonstrating a NOTIFY hot spot https://x.com/samokhvalov/status/1959468091035009245
  • Postgres LISTEN/NOTIFY does not scale (blog post by Recall ai) https://www.recall.ai/blog/postgres-listen-notify-does-not-scale
  • track_io_timing https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-statistics.html#GUC-TRACK-IO-TIMING
  • pg_test_timing https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/pgtesttiming.html 
  • PlanetScale for Postgres https://planetscale.com/blog/planetscale-for-postgres
  • Out of disk episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/out-of-disk
  • 100TB episode https://postgres.fm/episodes/to-100tb-and-beyond 
  • Latency Numbers Every Programmer Should Know https://gist.github.com/jboner/2841832
  • Fio https://github.com/axboe/fio


~~~

What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!


~~~

Postgres FM is produced by:

  • Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard
  • Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai


With credit to:

  • Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork
Show more...
1 week ago
46 minutes

Postgres FM
Multi-column indexes

Nik and Michael discuss multi-column indexes in Postgres — what they are, how to think about them, and some guidance around using them effectively.
 
Here are some links to things they mentioned:

  • Multicolumn Indexes (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/indexes-multicolumn.html
  • Our episode on Index-only scans https://postgres.fm/episodes/index-only-scans
  • Combining Multiple Indexes (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/indexes-bitmap-scans.html
  • Enable BUFFERS with EXPLAIN ANALYZE by default https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=commit;h=c2a4078ebad71999dd451ae7d4358be3c9290b07
  • “PostgreSQL includes an implementation of the standard btree […] The only limitation is that an index entry cannot exceed approximately one-third of a page” https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/btree.html
  • Our episode on HOT updates https://postgres.fm/episodes/hot-updates
  • Our episode on LIMIT vs Performance https://postgres.fm/episodes/limit-vs-performance


~~~

What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!


~~~

Postgres FM is produced by:

  • Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard
  • Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai


With credit to:

  • Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork
Show more...
2 weeks ago
41 minutes

Postgres FM
Self-driving Postgres

Nikolay and Michael discuss self-driving Postgres — what it could mean, using self-driving cars as a reference, and ideas for things to build and optimize for in this area.
 
Here are some links to things they mentioned:

  • Nikolay’s blog post on Self-driving Postgres https://postgres.ai/blog/20250725-self-driving-postgres
  • SAE J3016 levels of driving automation https://www.sae.org/news/2019/01/sae-updates-j3016-automated-driving-graphic
  • Oracle Autonomous Database https://www.oracle.com/uk/autonomous-database/
  • Self-Driving Database Management Systems (2017 paper) https://db.cs.cmu.edu/papers/2017/p42-pavlo-cidr17.pdf
  • PGTune https://pgtune.leopard.in.ua/
  • pg_index_pilot https://gitlab.com/postgres-ai/pg_index_pilot/
  • [Vibe] Hacking Postgres with Andrey, Kirk, Nik – index bloat, btree page merge https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1PEdDcvZTw


~~~

What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!


~~~

Postgres FM is produced by:

  • Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard
  • Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai


With credit to:

  • Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork
Show more...
3 weeks ago
59 minutes

Postgres FM
caSe-inSENsiTive

Nikolay and Michael discuss case-insensitive data — when we want to treat columns as case-insensitive, and the pros and cons of using citext, functions like lower(), or a custom collation.
 
Here are some links to things they mentioned:

  • citext https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/citext.html
  • Our episode on over-indexing https://postgres.fm/episodes/over-indexing
  • Nondeterministic collations https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/collation.html#COLLATION-NONDETERMINISTIC
  • How to migrate from Django’s PostgreSQL CI Fields to use a case-insensitive collation (blog post by Adam Johnson) https://adamj.eu/tech/2023/02/23/migrate-django-postgresql-ci-fields-case-insensitive-collation
  • The collation versioning problem with ICU 73 (blog post by Daniel Vérité) https://postgresql.verite.pro/blog/2023/10/20/icu-73-versioning.html
  • amcheck https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/amcheck.html


~~~

What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!


~~~

Postgres FM is produced by:

  • Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard
  • Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai


With credit to:

  • Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork
Show more...
4 weeks ago
26 minutes

Postgres FM
Monitoring from Postgres AI

Nikolay talks to Michael about Postgres AI's new monitoring tool — what it is, how its different to other tools, and some of the thinking behind it.
 
Here are some links to things they mentioned:

  • postgres_ai monitoring https://gitlab.com/postgres-ai/postgres_ai
  • DB Lab 4.0 announcement https://github.com/postgres-ai/database-lab-engine/releases/tag/v4.0.0
  • pganalyze https://pganalyze.com
  • postgres-checkup https://gitlab.com/postgres-ai/postgres-checkup
  • Percona Monitoring and Management (PMM) https://github.com/percona/pmm
  • pgwatch https://github.com/cybertec-postgresql/pgwatch
  • pgwatch Postgres AI Edition https://gitlab.com/postgres-ai/pgwatch2
  • libpg_query https://github.com/pganalyze/libpg_query
  • The Four Golden Signals https://sre.google/sre-book/monitoring-distributed-systems/#xref_monitoring_golden-signals
  • logerrors https://github.com/munakoiso/logerrors


~~~

What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!


~~~

Postgres FM is produced by:

  • Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard
  • Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai


With credit to:

  • Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork
Show more...
1 month ago
44 minutes

Postgres FM
MultiXact member space exhaustion

Nikolay and Michael are joined by Andrew Johnson and Nate Brennand from Metronome to discuss MultiXact member space exhaustion — what it is, how they managed to hit it, and some tips to prevent running into it at scale.
 
Here are some links to things they mentioned:

  • Nate Brennand https://postgres.fm/people/nate-brennand
  • Andrew Johnson https://postgres.fm/people/andrew-johnson
  • Metronome https://metronome.com
  • Root Cause Analysis: PostgreSQL MultiXact member exhaustion incidents (blog post by Metronome) https://metronome.com/blog/root-cause-analysis-postgresql-multixact-member-exhaustion-incidents-may-2025
  • Multixacts and Wraparound (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/routine-vacuuming.html#VACUUM-FOR-MULTIXACT-WRAPAROUND
  • multixact.c source code https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/master/src/backend/access/transam/multixact.c
  • Add pg_stat_multixact view for multixact membership usage monitoring (patch proposal by Andrew, needing review!) https://commitfest.postgresql.org/patch/5869/
  • PostgreSQL subtransactions considered harmful (blog post by Nikolay) https://postgres.ai/blog/20210831-postgresql-subtransactions-considered-harmful
  • vacuum_multixact_failsafe_age doesn't account for MultiXact member exhaustion (thread started by Peter Geoghegan) https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/CAH2-WzmLPWJk3gbAxy8dHY%2BA-Juz_6uGwfe6DkE8B5-dTDvLcw%40mail.gmail.com
  • Amazon S3 Vectors https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/introducing-amazon-s3-vectors-first-cloud-storage-with-native-vector-support-at-scale/
  • MultiXacts in PostgreSQL: usage, side effects, and monitoring (blog post by Shawn McCoy and Divya Sharma from AWS) https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/database/multixacts-in-postgresql-usage-side-effects-and-monitoring/
  • Postgres Aurora multixact monitoring queries https://gist.github.com/natebrennand/0924f723ff61fa897c4106379fc7f3dc 
  • And finally an apology and a correction, the membership space is ~4B, not ~2B as said by Michael in the episode! Definition here:
    https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/f6ffbeda00e08c4c8ac8cf72173f84157491bfde/src/include/access/multixact.h#L31

And here's the formula discussed for calculating how the member space can grow quadratically by the number of overlapping transactions:

  • Members can be calculated via: aₙ = 2 + [sum from k=3 to n+1 of k]
  • This simplifies to: aₙ = (((n+1)(n+2))/2) - 1


~~~

What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!


~~~

Postgres FM is produced by:

  • Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard
  • Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai


With special thanks to:

  • Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork 
Show more...
1 month ago
55 minutes

Postgres FM
Multigres

Nikolay and Michael are joined by Sugu Sougoumarane to discuss Multigres — a project he's joined Supabase to lead, building an adaptation of Vitess for Postgres!
 
Here are some links to things they mentioned:

  • Sugu Sougoumarane https://postgres.fm/people/sugu-sougoumarane
  • Supabase https://supabase.com
  • Announcing Multigres https://supabase.com/blog/multigres-vitess-for-postgres
  • Vitess https://github.com/vitessio/vitess
  • SPQR https://github.com/pg-sharding/spqr
  • Citus https://github.com/citusdata/citus
  • PgDog https://github.com/pgdogdev/pgdog
  • Myths and Truths about Synchronous Replication in PostgreSQL (talk by Alexander Kukushkin) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PFn9qRGzTMc
  • Consensus algorithms at scale (8 part series by Sugu) https://planetscale.com/blog/consensus-algorithms-at-scale-part-1
  • A More Flexible Paxos (blog post by Sugu) https://www.sougou.io/a-more-flexible-paxos
  • libpg_query https://github.com/pganalyze/libpg_query
  • PL/Proxy https://github.com/plproxy/plproxy
  • PlanetScale Postgres Benchmarking https://planetscale.com/blog/benchmarking-postgres
  • MultiXact member exhaustion incidents (blog post by Cosmo Wolfe / Metronome) https://metronome.com/blog/root-cause-analysis-postgresql-multixact-member-exhaustion-incidents-may-2025


~~~

What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!


~~~

Postgres FM is produced by:

  • Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard
  • Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai


With special thanks to:

  • Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork 
Show more...
1 month ago
1 hour 19 minutes

Postgres FM
Multi-tenant options

Nikolay and Michael are joined by Gwen Shapira to discuss multi-tenant architectures — the high level options, the pros and cons of each, and how they're trying to help with Nile.
 
Here are some links to things they mentioned:

  • Gwen Shapira https://postgres.fm/people/gwen-shapira
  • Nile https://www.thenile.dev
  • SaaS Tenant Isolation Strategies (AWS whitepaper) https://docs.aws.amazon.com/whitepapers/latest/saas-tenant-isolation-strategies/saas-tenant-isolation-strategies.html 
  • Row Level Security https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/ddl-rowsecurity.html
  • Citus https://github.com/citusdata/citus
  • Postgres.AI Bot https://postgres.ai/blog/20240127-postgres-ai-bot 
  • RLS Performance and Best Practices https://supabase.com/docs/guides/troubleshooting/rls-performance-and-best-practices-Z5Jjwv
  • Case Gwen mentioned about the planner thinking an optimisation was unsafe 
  • Re-engineering Postgres for Millions of Tenants (Gwen’s recent talk at PGConf.dev) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EfAStGb4s88 
  • Multi-tenant database the good, the bad, the ugly (talk by Pierre Ducroquet at PgDay Paris) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4uxuPfSvTGU

 

~~~

What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!


~~~

Postgres FM is produced by:

  • Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard
  • Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai


With special thanks to:

  • Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork 
Show more...
2 months ago
50 minutes

Postgres FM
Mean vs p99

Nikolay and Michael discuss looking at queries by mean time — when it makes sense, why ordering by a percentile (like p99) might be better, and the merits of approximating percentiles in pg_stat_statements using the standard deviation column.
 
Here are some links to things they mentioned:

  • Approximate the p99 of a query with pg_stat_statements (blog post by Michael) https://www.pgmustard.com/blog/approximate-the-p99-of-a-query-with-pgstatstatements
  • pg_stat_statements https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/pgstatstatements.html 
  • Our episode about track_planning https://postgres.fm/episodes/pg-stat-statements-track-planning 
  • pg_stat_monitor https://github.com/percona/pg_stat_monitor
  • statement_timeout https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-client.html#GUC-STATEMENT-TIMEOUT


~~~

What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!


~~~

Postgres FM is produced by:

  • Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard
  • Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai


With credit to:

  • Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork
Show more...
2 months ago
38 minutes

Postgres FM
What to log

Nikolay and Michael discuss logging in Postgres — mostly what to log, and why changing quite a few settings can pay off big time in the long term.
 
Here are some links to things they mentioned:

  • What to log https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-logging.html#RUNTIME-CONFIG-LOGGING-WHAT
  • Our episode about Auditing https://postgres.fm/episodes/auditing 
  • Our episode on auto_explain https://postgres.fm/episodes/auto_explain 


Here are the parameters they mentioned changing:

  • log_checkpoints
  • log_autovacuum_min_duration 
  • log_statement
  • log_connections and log_disconnections
  • log_lock_waits
  • log_temp_files
  • log_min_duration_statement 
  • log_min_duration_sample and log_statement_sample_rate 


And finally, some very useful tools they meant to mention but forgot to!   

  • https://pgpedia.info
  • https://postgresqlco.nf
  • https://why-upgrade.depesz.com/show?from=16.9&to=17.5 


~~~

What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!


~~~

Postgres FM is produced by:

  • Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard
  • Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai


With credit to:

  • Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork
Show more...
3 months ago
48 minutes

Postgres FM
How to move off RDS

Nikolay and Michael discuss moving off managed services — when and why you might want to, and some tips on how for very large databases.
 
Here are some links to things they mentioned:

  • Patroni https://github.com/patroni/patroni
  • pgBackRest https://github.com/pgbackrest/pgbackrest
  • WAL-G https://github.com/wal-g/wal-g
  • Hetzner Cloud https://www.hetzner.com/cloud
  • Postgres Extensions Day https://pgext.day
  • pg_wait_sampling https://github.com/postgrespro/pg_wait_sampling
  • pg_stat_kcache https://github.com/powa-team/pg_stat_kcache
  • auto_explain https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/auto-explain.html
  • Fivetran https://www.fivetran.com
  • pgcopydb https://github.com/dimitri/pgcopydb
  • Kafka https://kafka.apache.org
  • Debezium https://debezium.io
  • max_slot_wal_keep_size https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-replication.html#GUC-MAX-SLOT-WAL-KEEP-SIZE
  • log_statement DDL https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-logging.html#GUC-LOG-STATEMENT
  • PgBouncer pause/resume https://www.pgbouncer.org/usage.html#pause-db


~~~

What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!


~~~

Postgres FM is produced by:

  • Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard
  • Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai


With credit to:

  • Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork
Show more...
3 months ago
47 minutes

Postgres FM
Locks

Nikolay and Michael discuss heavyweight locks in Postgres — how to think about them, why you can't avoid them, and some tips for minimising issues.
 
Here are some links to things they mentioned:

  • Locking (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/explicit-locking.html
  • Postgres rocks, except when it blocks (blog post by Marco Slot) https://www.citusdata.com/blog/2018/02/15/when-postgresql-blocks/
  • Lock Conflicts (tool by Hussein Nasser) https://pglocks.org/
  • log_lock_waits (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-logging.html#GUC-LOG-LOCK-WAITS
  • How to analyze heavyweight lock trees (guide by Nikolay) https://gitlab.com/postgres-ai/postgresql-consulting/postgres-howtos/-/blob/main/0042_how_to_analyze_heavyweight_locks_part_2.md
  • Lock management (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-locks.html
  • Our episode on zero-downtime migrations https://postgres.fm/episodes/zero-downtime-migrations


~~~

What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!


~~~

Postgres FM is produced by:

  • Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard
  • Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai


With credit to:

  • Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork
Show more...
3 months ago
38 minutes

Postgres FM
Top ten dangerous issues

Nikolay and Michael discuss ten dangerous Postgres related issues — ones that might be painful enough to get onto the CTO and even CEOs desk, and then what you can do proactively.
 
The ten issues discussed are:

  1. Heavy lock contention
  2. Bloat control and index maintenance  
  3. Lightweight lock contention
  4. Transaction ID wraparound
  5. 4-byte integer PKs hitting the limit
  6. Replication limits
  7. Hard limits
  8. Data loss
  9. Poor HA choice (split brain)
  10. Corruption of various kinds


Some previous episodes they mentioned that cover the issues in more detail: 

  • PgDog https://postgres.fm/episodes/pgdog
  • Performance cliffs https://postgres.fm/episodes/performance-cliffs
  • Zero-downtime migrations https://postgres.fm/episodes/zero-downtime-migrations 
  • Queues in Postgres https://postgres.fm/episodes/queues-in-postgres
  • Bloat https://postgres.fm/episodes/bloat
  • Index maintenance https://postgres.fm/episodes/index-maintenance
  • Subtransactions https://postgres.fm/episodes/subtransactions
  • Four million TPS https://postgres.fm/episodes/four-million-tps
  • Transaction ID wraparound https://postgres.fm/episodes/transaction-id-wraparound
  • pg_squeeze https://postgres.fm/episodes/pg_squeeze 
  • synchronous_commit https://postgres.fm/episodes/synchronous_commit
  • Managed service support https://postgres.fm/episodes/managed-service-support

 

And finally, some other things they mentioned: 

  • A great recent SQL Server-related podcast episode on tuning techniques https://kendralittle.com/2024/05/20/erik-darling-and-kendra-little-rate-sql-server-performance-tuning-techniques/
  • Postgres Indexes, Partitioning and LWLock:LockManager Scalability (blog post by Jeremy Schneider) https://ardentperf.com/2024/03/03/postgres-indexes-partitioning-and-lwlocklockmanager-scalability/
  • Do you vacuum everyday? (talk by Hannu Krosing) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JcRi8Z7rkPg
  • pg_stat_wal https://pgpedia.info/p/pg_stat_wal.html
  • The benefit of lz4 and zstd for Postgres WAL compression (Small Datum blog, Mark Callaghan) https://smalldatum.blogspot.com/2022/05/the-benefit-of-lz4-and-zstd-for.html
  • Split-brain in case of network partition (CloudNativePG issue/discussion) https://github.com/cloudnative-pg/cloudnative-pg/discussions/7462
     


~~~

What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!


~~~

Postgres FM is produced by:

  • Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard
  • Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai


With credit to:

  • Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork
Show more...
4 months ago
46 minutes

Postgres FM
synchronous_commit

Nikolay and Michael discuss synchronous_commit — what it means on single node setups, for synchronous replication setups, and the pros and cons of the different options for each.
 
Here are some links to things they mentioned:

  • synchronous_commit https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-wal.html#GUC-SYNCHRONOUS-COMMIT
  • synchronous_commit history on pgPedia https://pgpedia.info/s/synchronous_commit.html
  • Patroni’s maximum_lag_on_failover setting https://patroni.readthedocs.io/en/master/replication_modes.html#asynchronous-mode-durability
  • wal_writer_delay https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-wal.html#GUC-WAL-WRITER-DELAY
  • Selective asynchronous commits in PostgreSQL - balancing durability and performance (blog post by Shayon Mukherjee) https://www.shayon.dev/post/2025/75/selective-asynchronous-commits-in-postgresql-balancing-durability-and-performance/
  • Asynchronous Commit https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/wal-async-commit.html
  • synchronous_standby_names https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-replication.html#GUC-SYNCHRONOUS-STANDBY-NAMES
  • Jepson article about Amazon RDS multi-AZ clusters (by Kyle Kingsbury, aka "Aphyr”) https://jepsen.io/analyses/amazon-rds-for-postgresql-17.4


~~~

What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!


~~~

Postgres FM is produced by:

  • Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard
  • Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai


With credit to:

  • Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork
Show more...
4 months ago
50 minutes

Postgres FM
Managed service support

Nikolay and Michael discuss managed service support — some tips on how to handle cases that aren't going well, tips for requesting features, whether to factor in support when choosing service provider, and whether to use one at all.
 
Here are some links to things they mentioned:

  • YugabyteDB’s new upgrade framework https://www.yugabyte.com/blog/postgresql-upgrade-framework
  • Episode on Blue-green deployments https://postgres.fm/episodes/blue-green-deployments
  • pg_createsubscriber https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/app-pgcreatesubscriber.html


~~~

What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!


~~~

Postgres FM is produced by:

  • Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard
  • Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai


With credit to:

  • Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork
Show more...
4 months ago
35 minutes

Postgres FM
Time-series considerations

Nikolay and Michael discuss time-series considerations for Postgres — including when it matters, some tips for avoiding issues, performance considerations, and more.
 
Here are some links to things they mentioned:

  • Time series data https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_series
  • TimescaleDB https://github.com/timescale/timescaledb
  • 13 Tips to Improve PostgreSQL Insert Performance https://www.timescale.com/blog/13-tips-to-improve-postgresql-insert-performance
  • Why we're leaving the cloud (37 Signals / Basecamp / David Heinemeier Hansson) https://world.hey.com/dhh/why-we-re-leaving-the-cloud-654b47e0
  • UUID v7 and partitioning (“how to” by Nikolay) https://gitlab.com/postgres-ai/postgresql-consulting/postgres-howtos/-/blob/main/0065_uuid_v7_and_partitioning_timescaledb.md
  • pg_cron https://github.com/citusdata/pg_cron
  • pg_partman https://github.com/pgpartman/pg_partman
  • Our episode on BRIN indexes https://postgres.fm/episodes/brin-indexes
  • Tutorial from Citus (Andres Freund and Marco Slot) including rollups https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ybz6zuXCPo
  • IoT with PostgreSQL (talk by Chris Ellis) https://youtube.com/watch?v=KnUoDBGv4aw&t=58
  • pg_timeseries https://github.com/tembo-io/pg_timeseries
  • DuckDB https://duckdb.org


~~~

What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!


~~~

Postgres FM is produced by:

  • Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard
  • Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai


With credit to:

  • Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork
Show more...
4 months ago
42 minutes

Postgres FM
Performance cliffs

Nikolay and Michael are joined by Tomas Vondra to discuss single query performance cliffs — what they are, why they happen, some things we can do to make them less likely or less severe, and some potential improvements to Postgres that could help.
 
Here are some links to things they mentioned:

  • Tomas Vondra https://postgres.fm/people/tomas-vondra
  • Where do performance cliffs come from? (Talk by Tomas) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UzdAelm-QSY
  • Where do performance cliffs come from? (Slides) https://vondra.me/pdf/performance-cliffs-posette-2024.pdf
  • Increase the number of fast-path lock slots (committed for Postgres 18) https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/E1ss4gX-000IvX-63%40gemulon.postgresql.org 
  • San Francisco Bay Area Postgres meet-up with Tomas on 8th April (online) https://www.meetup.com/postgresql-1/events/306484787
  • Our episode on Extended Statistics https://postgres.fm/episodes/extended-statistics
  • Logging plan of the currently running query (proposed patch by Rafael Thofehrn Castro and Atsushi Torikoshi) https://commitfest.postgresql.org/patch/5330
  • Our episode with Peter Geoghegan on Skip Scan https://postgres.fm/episodes/skip-scan
  • Index Prefetching patch that Tomas is collaborating with Peter Geoghegan on https://commitfest.postgresql.org/patch/4351
  • A generalized join algorithm, G-Join (paper by Goetz Graefe) https://dl.gi.de/server/api/core/bitstreams/ce8e3fab-0bac-45fc-a6d4-66edaa52d574/content 
  • Smooth Scan: Robust Access Path Selection without Cardinality Estimation (paper by R. Borovica, S. Idreos, A. Ailamaki, M. Zukowski, C. Fraser) https://stratos.seas.harvard.edu/sites/g/files/omnuum4611/files/stratos/files/smoothscan.pdf
  • Just-in-Time Compilation (JIT) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/jit.html
  • Notes from a pgconf.dev unconference session in 2024 about JIT (discusses issues) https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/PGConf.dev_2024_Developer_Unconference#JIT_compilation
  • Implementing an alternative JIT provider for PostgreSQL (by Xing Guo) https://higuoxing.com/archives/implementing-jit-provider-for-pgsql
  • Tomas’ Office Hours https://vondra.me/posts/office-hours-experiment

 

~~~

What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!


~~~

Postgres FM is produced by:

  • Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard
  • Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai


With special thanks to:

  • Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork 
Show more...
5 months ago
38 minutes

Postgres FM
PgDog

Nikolay and Michael are joined by Lev Kokotov to discuss PgDog — including whether or when sharding is needed, the origin story (via PgCat), what's already supported, and what's coming next.   
 
Here are some links to things they mentioned:

  • Lev Kokotov https://postgres.fm/people/lev-kokotov
  • PgDog https://github.com/pgdogdev/pgdog
  • PgCat https://github.com/postgresml/pgcat
  • Adopting PgCat (Instacart blog post) https://www.instacart.com/company/how-its-made/adopting-pgcat-a-nextgen-postgres-proxy
  • PgDog discussion on Hacker News https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=43364668
  • Citus https://github.com/citusdata/citus
  • Sharding & IDs at Instagram (blog post) https://instagram-engineering.com/sharding-ids-at-instagram-1cf5a71e5a5c



~~~

What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!


~~~

Postgres FM is produced by:

  • Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard
  • Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai


With special thanks to:

  • Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork 
Show more...
5 months ago
48 minutes

Postgres FM
Snapshots

Nikolay talks Michael through using cloud snapshots — how they can be used to reduce RTO for huge Postgres setups, also to improve provisioning time, and some major catches to be aware of.
 
Here are some links to things they mentioned:

  • Snapshots on RDS https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/USER_CreateSnapshot.html
  • pgBackRest https://pgbackrest.org
  • WAL-G https://github.com/wal-g/wal-g
  • pg_backup_start and pg_backup_stop (docs) https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-admin.html#FUNCTIONS-ADMIN-BACKUP 
  • How to troubleshoot long Postgres startup (by Nikolay) https://gitlab.com/postgres-ai/postgresql-consulting/postgres-howtos/-/blob/main/0003_how_to_troubleshoot_long_startup.md
  • Restoring to a DB instance (RDS docs mentioning lazy loading) https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/USER_RestoreFromSnapshot.html
  •  Amazon EBS fast snapshot restore https://docs.aws.amazon.com/ebs/latest/userguide/ebs-fast-snapshot-restore.html
  • Our 100th episode “To 100TB, and beyond!” https://postgres.fm/episodes/to-100tb-and-beyond 


~~~

What did you like or not like? What should we discuss next time? Let us know via a YouTube comment, on social media, or by commenting on our Google doc!


~~~

Postgres FM is produced by:

  • Michael Christofides, founder of pgMustard
  • Nikolay Samokhvalov, founder of Postgres.ai


With credit to:

  • Jessie Draws for the elephant artwork
Show more...
5 months ago
44 minutes

Postgres FM
A weekly podcast about all things PostgreSQL