In classical circuit theory we have 4 fundamental circuit variables: the current, the voltage, charge, and flux linkage. We can combine these variables in six pairwise relations, five of these relations are well known to us. The first two pairs define the voltage and the current where the voltage is the rate of change in the flux linkage and the current is the rate of change in the charge. The other three pairs define the fundamental circuit elements, we have the resistor which relates the current with the voltage, the capacitor which relate the voltage with the charge ,and the inductor which relate the current with the flux linkage. These elements are called fundamentals because we cannot produce their behavior with other fundamental elements. This leaves one relation ,which is the relation between the flux and the charge . In 1971, a University of California, Berkeley, engineer predicted that there should be a fourth element in order to fill this gab .that element is what we’re going to talk about today! You’re listening to techwise podcast coming to you by the IEEE UOT student branch and here we talk about science and technology from different fields, lets start!