This guide underscores the importance of cognitive empathy in qualitative research, distinguishing it from sympathy. It emphasizes that a researcher's ability to understand the perceptions, meanings, and motivations of those studied from their own perspectives is crucial. The document uses examples of interview and observational data to illustrate how researchers can effectively demonstrate cognitive empathy in their work, focusing on techniques like asking clarifying questions and providing detailed descriptions. It argues that conveying this understanding in research reports requires ample space to showcase evidence of probing and careful observation. The guide offers examples, such as Watkins-Hayes's study on women living with HIV and Deener's work on ethnic conflict, to illustrate how strong qualitative research can reflect a high level of cognitive empathy, enabling readers to understand participants as the participants understand themselves.

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