Analysis of wearable data gathered from the Visible app found that symptoms in Long Covid and ME/CFS fluctuated considerably in-line with the menstrual cycle, in a new study from Imperial College (currently in pre-print). In this week’s episode Abigail Goodship, a biomedical scientist at Imperial College, responsible for scrutinizing the data from almost 4000 women, talks us through the findings of the study, which corroborates something which women have been anecdotally reporting for years, and gives us insights into how we might be able to manipulate hormones and work with our cycles to live a more balanced illness. The points at which the immune and endocrine systems interact are complex and multi-layered with the hypothalamus, pituitary glands and ovaries all playing different roles in the functioning of our cycles. Emily Kate Stephens and Abigail take it back to basics, discussing the hormones involved and the way in which they shape the menstrual cycle, before diving into what the research teaches us about symptom variability which tends to worsen in the pre-menstrual phase and improve around ovulation. Understanding the hormones at play at these points, and the impact they have on our immune systems, inflammation levels and pain perception will be key to using this information to develop helpful strategies and potential treatments. We discuss the potential implications of pregnancy, vaccination, contraception, menopause and HRT in Long Covid and ME/CFS, along with the role of hormones in autoimmune conditions, as areas that are ripe for more substantial research in this much under-researched area of menstrual health. Abigail Goodship is a first year PhD student in the Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction at Imperial College London. Under the supervision of Dr Viki Male and Dr Bryn Owen, Abigail is researching the fascinating intersection of immunology and reproductive endocrinology, with a focus on how the immune system influences the menstrual cycle. Her work combines laboratory techniques like cytokine assays and hormone profiling with big data analysis, aiming to better understand menstrual changes after vaccination and the impact of chronic immune dysregulation on reproductive health. Drawing on expertise across both biological and computational sciences, Abigail is dedicated to bridging disciplines to advance women’s health, with a focus on translating research into meaningful, real-world impact. Her work is funded by the Medical Research Council (grant number MR/W00710X/1). Further references from this conversation: Menstruation as an inflammatory event The effect of ovarian hormones on rheumatoid arthritis Oestrogen and Progesterone in rheumatoid conditions Oestrogen in COVID-19 HRT in actute COVID-19 Impact of COVID vaccines on fertility Menstrual cycle and COVID vaccination & retrospective analysis ---- Make Visible @visible_health @visible.health  

The Open Medicine Foundation is the world’s largest non-profit aimed at diagnosing, treating and preventing complex chronic disease. This week, founder and CEO Linda Tannenbaum joins Emily Kate Stephens to discuss the OMF’s work, delivering collaborative research from some of the world’s leading scientists, and offering hope to millions. Now with six specialised centers operating out of leading institutions, from the ME/CFS Collaborative Research Center at Stanford to Harvard, to the University of Melbourne, Tannenbaum has overseen more than 68 projects to try and understand these life-changing conditions.  In today’s episode she explains the way in which the OMF was launched, in collaboration with the formidable Dr. Ron Davis, bringing together hundreds of scientists, across a huge range of specialities to try to create a multi-system framework to look at these multi-system diseases. And Tannenbaum discusses the details of the most recent studies and trials, including TREAT ME (patient-reported outcomes from 4,000+ participants), Bio Quest (AI-powered biomarker discovery), and the first OMF double blind placebo controlled trial LIFT – a groundbreaking study looking at the efficacy of LDN and Mestinon. From leveraging AI to hosting global research summits, the OMF is committed to bringing awareness, research and treatments to those suffering from chronic complex diseases, and whilst the ultimate goal is to find a cure for ME/CFS, in the interim they are working to improve the lives of patients through better understanding and management of the condition.   Make Visible @visible_health @visible.health

What is the threshold over which PEM is induced in chronic illness? This is a hugely important question for sufferers, and one for which Rob Wüst is trying to find an answer. Assistant Professor in Musculoskeletal Health and Physiology at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Dr. Rob Wüst is able to see the physiological impact of Long Covid and ME/CFS in skeletal muscle abnormalities. In his latest study (currently in preprint) he finds that “Skeletal muscle properties in long COVID and ME/CFS differ from those induced by bed rest”,  and the abnormalities that he observes in the muscles of this cohort of patients correlate with the Post-Exertional Malaise (PEM), autonomic dysfunction and wearable data that he gathered in another recent study. In this week’s episode Wüst explains to Emily Kate Stephens how he observed exercise-induced worsening of symptoms in almost half of Long Covid patients when they exceeded their ‘ventilatory threshold’ but the much of the time this is from everyday activities such as hanging the laundry or carrying the groceries.  But they discus He discusses the physiological clues emerging from exercise testing and muscle biopsies in patients when viewed alongside wearable data and expounds on the circulating theories on this, including mitochondrial dysfunction, local hypoxia, and ion channel abnormalities.  And he explores the parallels and distinctions between Long Covid and ME/CFS and why interdisciplinary collaboration is vital to unlock these complex, multi-systemic diseases. The Impact of Bedrest Study 2024 Skeletal muscle adaptations and PEM in LC 2024 Should we be careful with exercise in PEM in LC? 2025 Make Visible @visible_health @visible.health

This week’s episode takes us on an exploration of the exciting work coming out of M.I.T’s Biological Engineering teams into understanding infection-associated illnesses and the emerging field of menstruation science. Emily Kate Stephens is joined by Dr Michal Caspi Tal, Principal Scientist of the Tal Research Group and Associate Scientific Director at the Center for Gynepathology Research. She is responsible for innovative research seeking answers about the the overlap between infection, immune dysregulation, and chronic illness; alongside working to break menstrual taboos, creating a scientific framework for understanding the implications of the female reproductive system on our health and our sickness Her lab has launched MIT MAESTRO study, a groundbreaking research initiative using leading edge technology, aimed at uncovering the links between infection-associated illness, immune dysregulation and mitochondrial dysfunction, juxtaposing Long Covid against acute and Chronic Lyme. The team study the way in which pathogens interact with the immune system, genetics, and each other to create overlaps with POTS, MCAS, gynaecological conditions and connective tissue disorders such as hEDS. The Tal Research Group is working to bridge engineering and biology to fill critical research gaps— particularly around chronic illnesses such as endometriosis, acute and chronic Lyme disease, Long Covid & ME/CFS. Their work is developing predictive diagnostics and illness trajectory maps to help us understand who is at risk of developing infection-associated chronic conditions, and why. Make Visible @visible_health @visible.health

A new clinical trial is underway to test a monoclonal antibody as a treatment for Long Covid. In this week’s episode Emily Kate Stephens sits down with Dr Nancy Klimas at Nova Southeastern University (NSU), Florida, to discuss the trial alongside the groundbreaking research and integrative care, that is taking place at the Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, looking at Long Covid, ME/CFS and other complex conditions. The trial, a collaboration between Nova Southeastern University and the Schmidt Initiative for Long Covid, will use an AstraZeneca drug, which is already approved for COVID-19 prevention in those with compromised immunity, on 100 patients in a double-blind, randomised controlled trail. And Dr Klimas, a globally recognized expert in immunology and chronic illness, believes that this has the potential to be a curative treatment for the disease in around 40% of patients. Alongside this new study, we discuss the role of computational modelling and the progress that AI is having in uncovering hidden patterns in chronic disease; the way in which gender differences shape inflammatory responses and treatment strategies; and the critical importance of restorative sleep, nutrition, and anti-inflammatory approaches in improving the lives of patients. We discuss some of the other studies in which the INIM are involved – the Reboot Study, Microbiome research, probiotics, and the COVIDUP study, along with the power of international collaboration, the challenges of funding and the amazing contribution of patients. Dr. Nancy Klimas is Director of the Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine at NSU, and a leading voice in translational research focused on chronic illness, ME/CFS, Gulf War Syndrome, and Long Covid. With decades of experience in immunology and clinical science, Dr. Klimas is a champion for an integrative, personalized approach to patient care.   Make Visible @visible_health @visible.health

Data gathered from wearable technology can warn of impending symptom exacerbation in complex chronic illness a new study has found. In this week’s episode Dr. David Putrino discusses the findings.  He, in collaboration with leading immunologists, microbiologists and data scientists, tracked data points from 5000 Visible app users (who enrolled in the study) to establish that HRV and resting heart rate can be used to predict a crash.  Analyzing more than 55,000 readings over 1000 days they were able to see changes in the autonomic nervous system of contributors using this biometric data.  The largest study of its kind, these findings have the potential to provide the basis for individualised care strategies for this enormous cohort of patients. Here we discuss the function and dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system.  Dr. Putrino gives us an overview of heart rate variability, the way in which it fluctuates, what its readings can determine about our health and ways in which these can be influenced. We talk through the power of breathwork including two of Dr Putrino’s studies – on resonant breathing and hypocapnia – showing the way in which breathing impacts our physiology but determining that we have innate power to influence our health. As Director of Rehabilitation Innovation Mount Sinai Health, Dr. Putrino‘s focus is on real-world solutions for this patient cohort. In a world where new drug approval takes 10 years and technologies in this field can take 17 years to reach market, his aim is to bring patients tangible treatments and protocols in a practical timeframe. Currently involved in clinical trials for rapamycin and vagal nerve stimulation, Dr. Putrino endeavours to re-purpose drugs and technologies that are already approved in other situations to create personalised strategies for this engaged cohort.   Make Visible @visible_health @visible.health

Dr. Theoharis Theoharides ‘The Mast Cell Master’ has been at the forefront of mast cell research for over 30 years. A renowned expert in allergy, neuroinflammation, and mast cell biology, his work centers on understanding the regulation of these critical immune cells. His extensive studies explore their fundamental role in the body, the mechanisms behind their activation and inhibition, and their involvement in a wide range of conditions—from asthma and eczema to neuroinflammatory disorders and complex chronic illnesses. In this week’s episode, we delve into the role of mast cells in complex chronic disease. Dr. Theoharides explains how mast cells are distributed throughout the body, the various stressors that can activate them, and how their activation may contribute to overlapping symptoms seen in conditions such as migraines and irritable bowel syndrome. The comparisons draw into question whether a degree of mast cell activation is co-morbid in many of these conditions, or indeed whether some of these conditions are a symptom of mast cell activation. He underscores the urgent need for better diagnostic tools, greater awareness within the medical community, and a broader, more integrative treatment strategy. This includes lifestyle interventions and the use of natural flavonoids, which have been proven to inhibit mast cell activity. Dr. Theoharides also discusses the ongoing challenges in securing research funding and the potential for integrative approaches to address complex conditions – thinking outside the box to treat patients individually, listening to their needs and treating accordingly – which is what he believes they are able to do with his team at NSU Dr. Theoharides is Executive Director, Center of Excellence for Neuroinflammation Research (CENIR) & Professor, Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine at Nova Southeastern University.  Prior to this he spent four decades at Tufts University where he was Director of Molecular Immunopharmacology & Drug Discovery.

The U.S.A.’s Centre for Disease Control (C.D.C) ME/CFS program has been working for decades to deepen our understanding of the condition. Their Multi-site Clinical Assessment of ME/CFS (MCAM) study, conducted across seven specialized clinics in the U.S. from 2012 to 2020, provides valuable data that forms the foundation for ongoing research.  Dr Elizabeth Unger, chief of Chronic Viral Diseases Branch, and epidemiologists Yang Chen and Elizabeth Fall, have contributed to numerous studies exploring various aspects of ME/CFS, from cognitive impacts to looking for biomarkers. In this episode, we focus on their latest paper, which examines the prevalence of Chronic Overlapping Pain Conditions (COPCs) that occur in ME/CFS. Three-quarters of ME/CFS patients suffer from COPCs (defined as: Chronic low back pain; Chronic migraine/Headache; Fibromyaligia; Endometriosis; Interstitial cystitis/Irritable bladder; Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS); Temporomandibular disorder (TMD); Vulvodynia) with women being more likely to experience at least one of these co-occurring conditions.  The understanding of why these are so prevalent in ME/CFS is the next piece of the puzzle. A large portion of this team’s work is educating patients and carers along with healthcare workers.  They are immensely proud of their resources such as their patient tool kit, management strategies and disability advice, tailored to helping patients advocate for themselves and their family members to receive appropriate diagnosis, treatment and care.  Sitting alongside this is a section for healthcare providers where they present a clinical overview to assist in the diagnosis and care, with a toolkit containing many educational and reference resources. The MCAM data and biospecimens are also available (via application) to other investigators to maximise the impact of this longitudinal study.   Make Visible @visible_health @visible.health

In her latest paper Suzanne Vernon, PhD, Scientific Director at the Bateman Horne Center, reveals that ME/CFS prevalence is now 15 times higher than pre-pandemic estimates. The study, carried out by the RECOVER initiative, and published in the Journal of General Internal Medicine confirmed that ME/CFS has a 4.5% prevalence among those who did not recover from COVID-19, and forms the most severe subtype of Long Covid.  Whilst not all Long Covid patients will fulfil the criteria for ME/CFS, the ability to study the conditions in parallel and at the point at which they cross over is bringing us unprecedented insights into long term energy-limiting conditions.   In this week’s interview Dr Vernon highlights the challenges in identifying definitive biomarkers for ME/CFS due to its heterogeneity and the fact that there are multiple triggers, but explains how the longitudinal data gathered in the RECOVER study is making roads into understanding the pathogenesis and necessary treatments for ME/CFS.  This is due to one crucial factor: here we are presented with a huge group of ME/CFS patients who have developed the illness from one trigger, SARS-COV2. Whilst the findings are shocking, and the stark quantity of people with ME/CFS is rising dramatically, Dr Vernon is positive about the way in which we can optimize this moment in time, with the research attention and funding in place, to reveal what is causing ME/CFS and then go on to work out how it can be treated. Dr Vernon has more than 30 years’ experience in researching chronic illnesses, authoring hundreds of papers on the subject, working with the government and non-profits to move the needle in this research arena.  She is dedicated to understanding what drives conditions such as ME/CFS, whilst advocating for greater involvement amongst the scientific and medical communities.  Formerly the Scientific Director at  Solve ME/CFS Initiative, Dr Vernon is tireless in her bid to advance research, educate and improve care for those impacted by ME/CFS. Additional references from the episode: JAMA paper detailing clusters in Long Covid   Make Visible @visible_health @visible.health

When Suzy Bolt developed Long Covid in 2020 she searched for ways to understand her condition and began to create an online community of like-minded people traversing similar health situations. From her dark bedroom she found many others looking for answers, validation and ideas to help them navigate their illnesses, and from this she started to develop her holistic program. Drawing on her background in counselling, yoga and neuro-linguistic programming - alongside her own experience of illness - Suzy launched an online platform in September 2020 to help people with post-viral and energy-limiting conditions. Her Rest, Repair, Recover program provides a space for support, community, and a deeper understanding of the nervous system. The program brings together practitioners with lived experience of these conditions, offering an interactive framework of movement, breathwork, creativity, and rest - all aimed at regulating the autonomic nervous system. In this two-part conversation, Bolt explores the cascade effect of small, positive changes—finding joy, building community, and practicing self-compassion—and how these shifts can influence the nervous system, immune function, and overall well-being. In this, the second part of the conversation, we discuss the kindness, creativity and distraction from symptoms; along with nutrition, celebrating progress and the effect that these programmes have had on people’s lives. Over the past five years Suzy Bolt has become a mainstay for those looking to improve their condition through a holistic approach. In a recent survey of those who have attended her programmes, the majority said that it improved their overall energy levels, improved their mood, alleviated some of their medical concerns and gave people confidence to manage their symptoms. She is regularly consulted and recommended by the NHS as an additional strand to medical help that people may be being offered. Her approach endeavours to address autonomic dysfunction as a way to create optimum environment in which people can start to feel improvements in their health. Make Visible @visible_health @visible.health

When Suzy Bolt developed Long Covid in 2020 she searched for ways to understand her condition and began to create an online community of like-minded people traversing similar health situations. From her dark bedroom she found many others looking for answers, validation and ideas to help them navigate their illnesses, and from this she started to develop her holistic program. Drawing on her background in counselling, yoga and neuro-linguistic programming - alongside her own experience of illness - Suzy launched an online platform in September 2020 to help people with post-viral and energy-limiting conditions. Her Rest, Repair, Recover program provides a space for support, community, and a deeper understanding of the nervous system. The program brings together practitioners with lived experience of these conditions, offering an interactive framework of movement, breathwork, creativity, and rest - all aimed at regulating the autonomic nervous system. In this two-part conversation, Bolt explores the cascade effect of small, positive changes—finding joy, building community, and practicing self-compassion—and how these shifts can influence the nervous system, immune function, and overall well-being. In this, the first part of the conversation, we discuss the impact of isolation and power of community; we delve into Bolt’s journey and discuss the way in which our histories and genetic make up play into these conditions; and we delve into the divisive topic of exercise. Over the past five years Suzy Bolt has become a mainstay for those looking to improve their condition through a holistic approach. In a recent survey of those who have attended her programmes, the majority said that it improved their overall energy levels, improved their mood, alleviated some of their medical concerns and gave people confidence to manage their symptoms. She is regularly consulted and recommended by the NHS as an additional strand to medical help that people may be being offered. Her approach endeavours to address autonomic dysfunction as a way to create optimum environment in which people can start to feel improvements in their health. Make Visible @visible_health @visible.health

Dr. Michael VanElzakker’s mission is to identify the individual drivers of post-viral illnesses. “How do you find something when you don’t know what you’re looking for?” he asks, believing that COVID-19, whilst a disaster for humanity, is giving us the opportunity to establish practises to identify those unknowns and establish more unbiased research methodologies. Whilst ME/CFS encompasses huge numbers of people who have a shared end point in their symptom sets, VanElzakker believes that we need to seize this moment of Long Covid - where we know what the pathogenic driver is - to develop our understanding and testing across these post-infectious conditions. The juncture of the brain and the immune systems is the focus of VanElzakker’s work where he studies the drivers of chronic disease. Assistant Professor at Harvard Medical School, Massachusets General Hospital , and instructor at Tufts University, VanElzakker is a researcher, educator and patient advocate, taking a holistic approach to the science of his field. Until 2020, VanElzakker focused his research on PTSD and ME/CFS, studying the interplay between the immune and nervous systems in these conditions. Drawing on this expertise in post-viral illnesses and the long-term effects of immune and nervous system dysregulation—whether triggered by a single event or persistent stimulation—he co-founded The PolyBio Research Foundation with the brilliant Amy Proal. Together, they have established a cutting-edge research initiative that brings together top scientists to develop a deeper, more cohesive understanding of these complex diseases. In this episode VanElzakker shares insights into his research and the challenges surrounding chronic illness healthcare. He points to the need for improved testing protocols in ME/CFS to enable patients to rule out or identify underlying triggers for symptoms which have the potential to be addressed. He explains the differences that he has seen between the conditions of pre-Covid ME/CFS and the chronic consequences of COVID-19 in Long Covid patients. And he highlights PolyBio’s strategy of using the impetus and funding that has been brought to the fore to grapple with the millions of people suffering from Post-Covid conditions, to gain deeper understanding of post-viral conditions at large with the intention of moving other post-viral patients, from ME/CFS to post-Lyme, into studies as soon as is viable. Make Visible @visible_health @visible.health

Arman Fesharaki-Zadeh is a behavioural neurologist and a neuropscychiatrist whose primary focus has been treating patients with cognitive deficits – from Alzheimer’s to Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI).  Since 2020 a considerable portion of his clinic at Yale Medicine have been Long Covid patients and he noticed similarities in symptoms with post-concussive syndrome and other neuroinflammatory conditions. Working with Professor Amy Arnsten (and referenced in our previous episode), Dr Fesharaki-Zadeh has developed a treatment regimen using Guanfacine and N-acetylcysteine that he found to be effective in improving prefrontal cortical function in TBI.  Taking their knowledge from these patients and applying it to the treatment of the brain fog experienced by Long Covid patients, Fesharaki-Zadeh started using the same protocol and anecdotally it has had considerable impact in improving cognitive symptoms, emotional regulation, and even sleep. Dr Fesharaki-Zadeh is pursing more empirical evidence, pushing for clinical trials to look at this treatment protocol.  His rationale for the treatment of cognitive deficits in Long Covid seems sensible and his proposed strategy is proven safe. This conversation discusses the need for validating patients’ experiences by providing physiological understanding of their symptoms, the importance of expanding access to effective treatments for Long Covid and other conditions, and emphasizes the dynamic and interactive nature of the brain and the importance of considering it as part of the whole network rather than an isolated entity. Make Visible @visible_health @visible.health

Amy Arnsten, PhD, is a Professor of both Neuroscience and Psychology at Yale University, where she runs her own lab which studies and teaches about the brain’s higher cortical circuits and their molecular regulation. In this week’s episode we discuss Prof. Arnsten’s recent paper published in Biological Psychiatry looking at the impact of stress (both physical and mental) and inflammation on the prefrontal cortex, an area of the brain with implications in a range of conditions from depression and schizophrenia, to Alzheimer's and Long Covid. Arnsten explains how she and her lab are able to observe the biological changes that take place in the brain when under chronic stress, or triggered by inflammation, which can lead to a primitive survival response: shutting down higher cognitive functions.  This area of the brain is responsible for the regulation of our emotions, our mood and our behaviour.  Changes in this region lead to the brain fog, memory issues and emotional dysregulation that is prevalent in these disorders. And she talks us through the pathway of kynurenic acid production, levels of which are elevated in conditions such as Long Covid which inhibits neurotransmission.  The understanding of this could lead to break-throughs in our diagnosis and treatment of such conditions.  And Prof. Arnsten is already seeing promising potential with guanfacine, a compound that her lab developed for the treatment of ADHD (approved by the FDA in 2009).  A combination of guanfacine, which strengthens connections in the prefrontal cortex, with the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant supplement NAC (N-acetyl cysteine) seems to show possible beneficial applications in Long Covid. Make Visible @visible_health @visible.health

Lucinda Bateman, M.D. has been seeing patients, learning about, and educating about ME/CFS and fibromyalgia for decades. She is Chief Medical Officer of the Bateman Horne Center, Salt Lake City, whose mission is “improving access to informed health care for individuals with ME/CFS, Long COVID, and fibromyalgia by translating clinical expertise into medical education and research initiatives”. Dr. Bateman was one of the researchers responsible for the National Academy of Medicine’s 2015 report on ME/CFS, a seminal paper that helped define the diagnostic criteria for ME / CFS.  Since then she has authored innumerable papers, working with the CDC alongside many of the stalwarts of the chronic illness medical community as part of the longitudinal multi-centre (MCAM) research that has looked at the impact, treatment protocols and drivers of ME/CFS. A member of the ME/CFS Clinican Coalition, she is dedicated to advancing understanding of these chronic conditions and improving care and outcomes for patients.  Her work has found many benefits from treating co-morbidities in chronic illness, such as POTS, with her most recent publication addressing chronic overlapping pain conditions, including fibromyaligia, that are regularly found alongside ME/CFS. And since the inception of Long Covid her work has pivoted to include this new heterogenious group of post-infection patients.  Much of her recent work has been looking at the parallels and differences between these illnesses and applying her historic knowledge to this new disease: she is one of the ME/CFS and Long Covid specialists working with the NIH on the RECOVER program. And her deep understanding of post- exertional malaise once again highlights the importance of pacing across these conditions Her work over the decades has been tireless to developing understanding of, and treatment paradigms for, chronic post-infectious syndromes.

In this week’s episode renowned cardiologist Dr. Boon Lim returns for Part 2 of the conversation with Emily Kate Stephens, presenting three clarifying analogies to represent a wider view of the impact of acute stress on the autonomic nervous system, and its role in complex chronic illness. Dr. Boon Lim uses the poem The Blind Man and the Elephant to exemplify the need for us and our medical practioners to approach chronic illness by looking at the body and mind as a whole rather than individual parts.  He describes the body affected by Long Covid as a factory for which we need to find the off-switch.  And he sets out the image of a gazelle in long grass: constantly on high alert anticipating attack, as a way for us to understand the way in which our bodies have been pushed into chronic stress. Dr Lim explains the way in which returning to homeostasis requires balancing of our sympathetic and parasympathetic systems and the consequences of imbalance.  He calls for us to consider the idea of stress reduction for alleviating some of the negative consequences of post-viral illness and we discuss the power of the breath, mindfulness and acceptance, not simply as a way to calm the mind, but to influence the entire body and nervous system. Dr Lim is able to demonstrate the scientific basis for what some might consider to be more esoteric ideas, discussing the ENO’s Breathe Programme, which carried out one of the first RCTs performed in Long Covid, alongside the way in which HRV monitoring can show the changes driven by such strategies.  Despite his heavily medical credentials, Dr Lim endeavours to grasp the mental and emotional aspects of chronic illness, whilst highlighting the importance of collaboration between patients and healthcare providers to achieve progress. The books discussed in this episode were:Johann Hari's -  "Stolen Focus: Why You Can't Pay Attention"James Nestor's - "Breath: The New Science of a Lost Art" Make Visible @visible_health @visible.health

Director for the Center for Healthy Aging Research at the Rutgers Institute for Health, Dr William Hu is a cognitive neurologist: he studies and treats patients whose thinking is affected by disease. Typically Dr Hu was dealing with Alzheimer's and related dementias in patients who were cognitively ageing whilst otherwise healthy, and those whose cognition was affected by their illness such as HIV or MS.  But since the Covid pandemic began, Dr Hu started seeing large numbers of patients whose ‘brain fog’ was sufficiently severe that they suspected they had early onset Alzheimer's, along with those who knew that their cognition, memory and thinking had demised to a degree that they were aware of it, but standard testing was inconclusive. In this week’s episode we discuss the way in which Hu and his team at Rutgers used brain imaging and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which enabled them to identify changes in the brain of patients with brain fog.  Their study, published in Cell, revealed that they could see that these patients had the markers of persistently activated immune function in the brain.  Whilst they were unable to detect SARS CoV-2 virus in the CSF, their findings correlate with the theory that those with Long Covid have viral persistence, and they were also able to see that this brain activation was no longer present in those that recovered. We talk through the implications of these findings for treatment and research into other chronic conditions, and discuss methods that might assist the immune system in recovering from these cognitive impairments and alleviate symptoms.  And reassuringly, Hu’s ideas involve trials in treatments that already have FDA approval for other conditions, meaning perhaps resolution is not so far out of reach. Make Visible @visible_health @visible.health

Cardiologist Dr Boon Lim describes himself as an electrician of the heart.  Extremely experienced in surgically repairing heart rhythms, he is also an expert in treating Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) and related autonomic conditions.  His approach to the diagnosis and treatment of both the symptoms and pathophysiology of these disorders is refreshing – nuanced and holistic. In this week’s episode, which is Part 1. of this interview, Dr Boon Lim discusses the challenges that are faced by patients with this autonomic dysfunction, and the methods he uses to assess – the tilt table test combined with a detailed patient history.  He describes physiologically what happens to the patients’ bodies and brains with POTS or POTS-like syndrome and how that causes vasovagal syncope (fainting).  We talk about the importance of hydration and how that alters the body’s ability to cope with changes in posture that can induce tachycardia, and the detrimental effects of bedrest or reduced movement. In the episode Dr Boon Lim references his diagram showing the changes that takes place in the blood and blood pressure when hydration is increased.  The video can be found here, on his stopfainting.com website. For a man with such a depth and breadth of knowledge Dr Boon Lim’s openness and humility are stark and his strategies for equilibrium are remarkably simple.  If you would like to know more about his approach and what he means by ‘missing the elephant’ please tune in for Part 2. of this interview – and if you can’t wait two weeks please ‘follow’, ‘like’, ‘subscribe’, or review here on your podcast app, or comment or contact us with your thoughts via the links below, and perhaps we can release it sooner.   Make Visible @visible_health @visible.health

The Patient-Led Research Collaborative (PLRC) are a group of patient researchers who aim to facilitate patient-led research into infection-associated chronic conditions.  Since their inception they have published numerous papers and articles including a complete review of the Long Covid findings in January 2023 in Nature, an article on designing clinical trials in Life Sciences and on the impacts on female reproductive health in Frontiers.  They have worked with the CDC, the NIH, the WHO, and collaborated with Yale, Imperial and UCL. In this week’s interview with PLRC’s Hannah Davis and Lisa McCorkell we discuss their organisation’s achievements - the progress and impact of patient-led advocacy and research in Long Covid and related conditions.  We discuss some of the many studies that they have funded including the patient-generated hypotheses journal that they launched in May 2023, and the Long Covid Moonshot project: Long Covid Research Moonshot Act of 2024, which aims for $1 billion annual funding for research and treatment for the next 10 years, is a bill that has now been proposed to the U.S. government by Senator Bernie Sanders. “The legislation that we have introduced finally recognizes that long Covid is a public health emergency and provides an historic investment into research, development, and education,” Sanders said. PLRC have been instrumental in the introduction of this legislation within the U.S. and, as they continue to try and change patient outcomes for the better globally, we discuss their international collaborations and what is still needed: better-informed public policy and medical education.

Introducing Make Visible, the podcast shining a light on complex chronic illness. Join us every two weeks as journalist Emily Kate Stephens uses her experience of living with an energy limiting condition to bring us the latest research and insights from the world’s leading experts, scientists and healthcare professionals.  Including ME/CFS, Long Covid, EDS, Fibromyalgia, POTS, and more, we delve into the science of invisible illness. makevisible.com