Send us a textPaper Son: Chinese American Citizen. Chinese immigration to America was unique for various reasons. All of this is the subject of my new series. I begin with the historical account of early American naturalization and immigration events, politics, and jurisprudence. From the early years I work through and discuss first the Gold Rush and then the construction of the intercontinental railroad to the onslaught of Chinese immigration into the United State...

Send us a textPaper Son: Chinese American Citizen. Chinese immigration to America was unique for various reasons. All of this is the subject of my new series. I begin with the historical account of early American naturalization and immigration events, politics, and jurisprudence. From the early years I work through and discuss first the Gold Rush and then the construction of the intercontinental railroad to the onslaught of Chinese immigration into the United State...

Send us a textPaper Son: Chinese American Citizen. Chinese immigration to America was unique for various reasons. All of this is the subject of my new series. I begin with the historical account of early American naturalization and immigration events, politics, and jurisprudence. From the early years I work through and discuss first the Gold Rush and then the construction of the intercontinental railroad to the onslaught of Chinese immigration into the United State...

Send us a textPaper Son: Chinese American Citizen. Chinese immigration to America was unique for various reasons. All of this is the subject of my new series. I begin with the historical account of early American naturalization and immigration events, politics, and jurisprudence. From the early years I work through and discuss first the Gold Rush and then the construction of the intercontinental railroad to the onslaught of Chinese immigration into the United State...

Send us a textPaper Son: Chinese American Citizen. Chinese immigration to America was unique for various reasons. All of this is the subject of my new series. I begin with the historical account of early American naturalization and immigration events, politics, and jurisprudence. From the early years I work through and discuss first the Gold Rush and then the construction of the intercontinental railroad to the onslaught of Chinese immigration into the United States. Eve...

Send us a textPaper Son: Chinese American Citizen. Chinese immigration to America was unique for various reasons. All of this is the subject of my new series. I begin with the historical account of early American naturalization and immigration events, politics, and jurisprudence. From the early years I work through and discuss first the Gold Rush and then the construction of the intercontinental railroad to the onslaught of Chinese immigration into the United State...

Send us a textChinese immigration to America was unique for various reasons. All of this is the subject of my new series. I begin with the historical account of early American naturalization and immigration events, politics, and jurisprudence. From the early years I work through and discuss first the Gold Rush and then the construction of the intercontinental railroad to the onslaught of Chinese immigration into the United States. Eventually leading to violence, exclusion, an...

Send us a textPaper Son: Chinese American Citizen. Chinese immigration to America was unique for various reasons. All of this is the subject of my new series. I begin with the historical account of early American naturalization and immigration events, politics, and jurisprudence. From the early years I work through and discuss first the Gold Rush and then the construction of the intercontinental railroad to the onslaught of Chinese immigration into the United State...

Send us a textPaper Son: Chinese American Citizen.Chinese immigration to America was unique for various reasons. All of this is the subject of my new series. I begin with the historical account of early American naturalization and immigration events, politics, and jurisprudence. From the early years I work through and discuss first the Gold Rush and then the construction of the intercontinental railroad to the onslaught of Chinese immigration into the United States. Eventuall...

Send us a textAfter the war, earnest efforts were made to form a coalition government with the Guomindang and the communists. When that failed the civil war between the two rekindled. The roughly three-year extension of the civil war saw the collapse of the Nanjing government and the Nationalists’ control of China. Eventually leading to in 1949, the inauguration of the Peoples Republic of China, by the communists, and the Nationalists’ flight to Taiwan. Support th...

Send us a textThe war with Japan devastated the Nanjing Government, her military, and China. The Nationalists had survived the war and still remained in power. Their failures, however, particularly late in the war, and at the nation’s greatest time of need, were fateful. The open, unhealed wound of the issues with the Communist was one of the fateful consequences of the Nationalists’ failures. Efforts failed to find a peaceful solution between the two, including a coal...

Send us a textThe Sino-Japanese War ends. Japan’s surrender, a momentous event, also ended World War II. A victory certainly for China and the Allied Powers. It left, however, many geo-political questions and issues. The war with Japan also exposed to the world the deteriorated condition of the Nationalist military forces, the Nanjing Government, and China. The victory also did not resolve the open, unhealed sore between the Chinese Nationalist and the Chinese Com...

Send us a textChina’s war against Japan eventually merged into the greater world war. Particularly after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Japan became a central concern to the Allies, especially the United States. Soon after the Japanese began their war against China, it had planned to pacify and consolidate the territory she had gained in China. However, largely unsuccessful, by 1942, she had bigger issues with the Allies’ efforts against her in the Pacific. That did not det...

Send us a textDid the second united front between the Nationalists and the Communists solidly meld the two sides together, or was that merely an illusion? We find out in this episode. By 1939, the United States was loaning money to the Nationalist government. There was no appetite by the western nations to pursue appeasement with Japan as they had toward Germany. In 1940, Japan became part of the Axis Powers. China joined in with the western Allied Powers. ...

Send us a textThe second Sino-Japanese War began in July 1937. Which side started it can be debated. We do know it was an eight-year horror show. It would overlap and influence the coming second world war. The opening actions of the Japanese war saw terrible human casualties. These portended what was coming. In this episode I focus on the opening phases of the war. I end the episode with a question or thought. What group benefited the most from t...

Send us a textThe relatively short time span from 1927, after the Nationalists’ creation of the Nanjing Government, to 1937, at the start of the Sino-Japanese war, makes it difficult to evaluate that government. Today, there are mixed views. During a portion of that same time span, Japan tried to solidify their physical and international control of Manchuria. Protective and restive about their position, Japan sought to expand its empire further into China. That inevitably for...

Send us a textBeginning in 1927, Mao Zedong and Zhu De grew the Communist Red Army from a small force of maybe 5,000 troops to over 250,000 troops by 1933. Despite the progressive antagonism and military attacks by the Nationalist forces, the communist learned to recruit for their party primarily from the peasants and the farmers. They even formed a State within a State called the Chinese Soviet Republic. It existed mostly in the southeast regions of China. There the Chinese...

Send us a textIf the 1920 decade was not enough drama, stay tuned for the even more dramatic 1930s. The decade tested the new Nationalist government in Nanjing, its leader, Chiang Kai-shek, and China. Internationalism was tossed. Ever so visible with Japan’s aggression toward China. Beginning in 1931 with the Mukden Incident Japan began its campaign to seize complete control of Manchuria. Eventually renaming the region Manchukuo and intending to push farther into China...

Send us a textThe new National government in Nanjing begins. For most of its existence it was led by Chiang Kai-Shek and his Guomindang cadre. Many parts of China were united for the first time since 1916. It was an uneasy unity facing many challenges both immediately and in the future. Chiang Kai-Shek would eventually emerge as an autocratic, powerful, and dynamic leader. He would face great challenges. Some of those were economic and political as well as f...

Send us a textThere were many reasons for the Peking (Beiyang) government’s failure. Its fecklessness led to the organization and planning of the massive nationalist campaign in China in the 1920s. Its goal was to unify China and expel or neutralize foreign intrusion and interference. Russia ironically played a large role. Through the merger of the Guomindang Nationalists and the Communists, the government in Peking was cast out. Chiang Kai-Shek emerges during this peri...