Ch22 provides an in-depth exploration of the visual system, covering its structures and functions. It discusses various visual problems, ranging from refractive errors like myopia and hyperopia to more serious conditions such as cataracts, retinal detachment, age-related macular degeneration, and glaucoma. The text emphasizes the importance of assessment and management for these conditions, including diagnostic studies, medical and surgical interventions, and crucial nursing considerations related to patient care, health promotion, and coping with vision loss, particularly in the context of aging.