# Avian Flu Watch: Global H5N1 Tracker
Welcome to Avian Flu Watch, the podcast tracking worldwide H5N1 bird flu developments. I'm your host, and today we're examining the current state of this evolving pandemic threat.
As of November 2025, the global H5N1 situation remains serious. Between January and August 2025 alone, 26 human infections were reported, with additional cases emerging through September. The World Health Organization estimates a case fatality rate around 50 percent in humans, making this one of the most severe respiratory viruses we track.
Let's examine the geographic hotspots. The United States has emerged as a significant outbreak zone. In January 2025, Louisiana reported the first confirmed bird flu death in an American, an individual over 65 with underlying health conditions who had exposure to infected backyard chickens and wild birds. By February, Ohio and Wyoming reported their first cases. The dairy sector became a critical concern, with 2024 seeing novel H5N1 outbreaks in US dairy cattle for the first time, concentrated heavily on West Coast states. California alone reported over eight times more outbreaks than any other state, largely due to its massive herd sizes. Mathematical modeling suggests Arizona and Wisconsin face the greatest risk for emerging outbreaks, with disease burden expected to continue through 2025.
Europe faces mounting pressure. Germany reported an estimated 2,000 crane deaths and culled over 500,000 birds in October as the Friedrich Loeffler Institute documented over 103 outbreaks across the country. The United Kingdom reported a human case in late January affecting a poultry farm worker, with an infected sheep later discovered on an outbreak-affected farm displaying mastitis with virus-containing milk.
Southeast Asia continues experiencing concerning human cases. Cambodia reported five human infections in late January and early February 2024, with additional deaths in 2025, including a 28-year-old man in January, a toddler in February, and a three-year-old boy in March, all linked to direct contact with infected poultry. Vietnam reported one death around the same timeframe. Mexico documented its first human case in April 2025, a three-year-old girl who died shortly after diagnosis. India reported a fatal human case that same month.
Regarding variants, two distinct H5N1 clades circulate globally. The 2.3.4.4b clade drives the current global outbreak, while the older 2.3.2.1c clade continues circulating in Southeast Asia with occasional human spillovers. Concerning reassortment in the Greater Mekong Subregion has produced viruses carrying 2.3.4.4b internal genes with the older 2.3.2.1c H5 gene, implicated in recent human cases.
Transmission patterns reveal critical vulnerabilities. Migratory bird movements serve as major conduits for transcontinental spread. Regions with intensive poultry farming, live animal markets, and poor biosecurity create ideal conditions for viral amplification. Interstate cattle movement in the United States, tracked through Interstate Certificates of Veterinary Inspection, has enabled dairy herd infections across multiple states.
Current containment measures show mixed results. Interstate testing of exported cattle, mandated from late April 2024 with up to 30 animals tested per export, prevented only approximately 175 reported outbreaks according to modeling data. Experts emphasize that stronger interventions are urgently needed, including enhanced farm biosecurity and targeted surveillance schemes.
Thank you for tuning into Avian Flu Watch. Please join us next week for the latest updates on global H5N1 transmission patterns and containment efforts. This has been a Quiet Please production. For more information, check out quietplease.ai.
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