This episode explores the complex story of the bulul, the iconic carved wooden figures of the Ifugao people. We trace its journey from a sacred ancestral guardian, consecrated with ritual to protect the all-important rice harvest, to its modern status as a celebrated and highly-priced art piece in global auction houses. What happens when a living spiritual vessel is transformed into a collector's commodity? And what does this object reveal about indigenous resilience, colonialism, and the very concept of authenticity? Join us as we offer answers to these questions in episode of our series, Bagay-Bagay: Objects of Philippine Life.

More than just a pest, the rat is an unacknowledged actor in Philippine history, its story intertwined with our own from prehistoric times to the modern day. This episode uncovers that hidden narrative, from the extinct giant cloud rats that coexisted with ancient humans to the arrival of invasive species that brought centuries of agricultural plagues and colonial-era disease. It examines the rat's evolution into a public health enemy, the target of post-war military campaigns, and a potent cultural symbol—euphemized as "mabait" in folklore while weaponized as the namesake for a brutal paramilitary group. With this journey, we find that rats reflect our society's failures in agriculture, urbanization, and waste management, proving that the rat's story is inseparable from our own.

This episode uncaps the surprising history of the tansan—the humble metal crown that sealed our childhood sodas and our uncles' beers. We trace its journey from an unlikely Japanese brand name to the prized currency of sidewalk games like Tatsing. Learn how this piece of industrial waste was transformed into the sound of Christmas karoling and, tragically, the explosive center of the 1992 Pepsi "Number Fever" scandal. Join us as we explore the rise and fall of this accidental Filipino icon.

If you're like us, you grew up hearing that familiar ring of your favorite sorbetero's bell, so join us as we scoop into the history of the Philippines' favorite frozen dessert. In this episode, we trace the journey of sorbetes from an elite 19th-century luxury—made possible by ice shipped from around the globe—to the democratic "dirty ice cream" every Filipino knows and loves. Discover the story behind the controversial nickname, the innovations that made it uniquely Filipino, and why this colorful cart treat remains a sweet symbol of our history and resilience.

For generations of Filipino children, a single peso coin held immense power: the power to choose between a crumbly Choc Nut, a powdery Mik-Mik, a chewy White Rabbit, or a stack of Haw Flakes. This episode unwraps the surprisingly complex history of these iconic sari-sari store treats. We trace their origins from Malabon to Shanghai and explore the unique rituals they inspired: from sacrilegious playground masses with candy 'ostiya' to the shared rite of passage of surviving a powdered milk choking hazard. Discover how economic necessity and a national sweet tooth transformed these simple candies into powerful symbols of nostalgia, creativity, and the enduring sweetness of Filipino childhood.

In this episode, we unpack the immense economic and cultural power of the sari-sari store, the humble neighborhood shop that accounts for 70% of all manufactured goods sales in the Philippines. We trace its origins from pre-colonial barangay trade through the Spanish-era tiendas to its modern digital evolution, exploring how this institution has survived and adapted through centuries of change. Why is it that 75% of these 1.3 million stores are owned by women? And how did the unique tingi (retail) and utang (credit) systems become embedded in the national culture?

Locked in a vault 14,000 kilometers from Manila lies a 16th-century manuscript that survived a Nazi bomb: the Boxer Codex. Created in 1590 through an unlikely collaboration between Spanish colonizers, Chinese artists, and Filipino informants, its vibrant illustrations offer the most detailed visual record of our ancestors—from tattooed Visayan warriors to gold-draped Tagalog nobles—before colonialism transformed their world. Join us as we trace the codex's incredible journey across three continents and explore how this accidental colonial record has become a powerful, and controversial, tool for reclaiming Filipino identity today.

Once a ubiquitous presence in Filipino life, passed around sari-sari stores, stacked on staircases, and even used as panggatong, komiks evolved from cheap newsprint entertainment into a powerful cultural force. This episode charts the journey of the art form, starting with the pioneering work of Rizal and the birth of the iconic Kenkoy, through the golden age pantheon created by visionaries like Francisco Coching and Mars Ravelo. It dives deep into how these illustrated stories taught a nation to read, served as subtle resistance during wartime and martial law, and eventually launched a wave of Filipino talent that transformed American comics. From the humble page to the global streaming screen, discover the history of the medium that refused to die, chronicling the Filipino people's struggles, dreams, and enduring myths.

How does a 19th-century painting of dying Roman gladiators become the most powerful artistic symbol of the Philippines? This episode uncovers the dramatic life of Juan Luna's Spoliarium: a masterpiece that was sliced into three pieces, survived wars and botched restorations, and inspired everything from revolutionary novels to a famous rock song. Join us as we unravel the story of the painting that refused to die and became the unlikely mirror of a nation's soul.

Why do so many Filipinos have Spanish surnames? This episode unpacks the story of the Catálogo Alfabético de Apellidos, a book distributed in 1849 by Spanish Governor-General Narciso Clavería to solve an administrative crisis. We explore how this single decree systematically renamed millions, assigning surnames alphabetically by town and creating regional naming patterns that still exist. We also debunk the persistent myth of widespread Spanish ancestry, i.e., contrasting the 90% of Filipinos with Spanish surnames against genetic studies showing only 1-3% Spanish DNA, and tell the dramatic story of how this decree led to the persecution of Jose Rizal's mother.

For centuries, tarsilas have done far more than record family trees in Muslim Mindanao; they have defined power, preserved honor, and anchored entire communities to their history. These genealogical records connect local rulers to the Prophet Muhammad, authorize marriages and political alliances, and legitimize claims to land and sovereignty. During colonial invasions, they became instruments of resistance; in today’s Bangsamoro, they remain vital to cultural identity and political legitimacy. This episode explores how these living chains of memory transformed genealogy into one of the most enduring forces in Philippine history.

The Okir is a sacred and intricate artistic tradition of Muslim Mindanao, and in this episode, we chart its 1,400-year journey. From its pre-Islamic, animistic roots seen in protective naga serpent carvings to its sophisticated evolution under Islamic aniconism, the Okir transformed its motifs into stylized, flowing patterns that became a symbol of enduring identity. It survived Spanish colonization, wartime destruction, and the 2017 Marawi siege. But its greatest challenge is happening now. We explore the painful paradox at the heart of Marawi's recovery: in a way, Okir is a means of healing for a displaced community, yet their sacred patterns now adorn the empty buildings of a controversial reconstruction, leaving a haunting question: What happens when a culture’s soul is used to decorate a ghost town?

Long before it became a household name with a catchy jingle, Tiki-Tiki was a life-saving breakthrough. In this episode, we uncover the forgotten story of how a deadly beriberi epidemic, fueled by American colonial "progress," was stopped by a humble Filipino pharmacist. Discover how Dr. Manuel Zamora created a world-first vitamin supplement from rice bran in a small Quiapo lab, chose public health over immense profit, and cemented a cultural icon that has nourished generations of Filipino children.

From makeshift courts under bridges to the roaring arenas of the PBA, basketball is more than a game in the Philippines: it's a core part of the national identity. In this episode, we explore how an American import became the Filipino soul. Join us as we trace basketball's surprising history as a women's sport, the legendary rivalries that divided families, and the modern challenges facing the professional league. We uncover why "puso" resonates so deeply in basketball, and how the sport itself becomes a symbolic court where Filipinos play out their struggles, dreams, and never-say-die spirit.

For millions of Filipinos, it's a core memory of childhood and school days: a dense, fortified bread distributed or sold in schools. But was the famous Nutribun a symbol of genuine care or a masterful tool of political propaganda? In this episode, we unwrap the complex history of this iconic bread, tracing its journey from a US-funded aid program to a potent symbol of the Marcos regime's "New Society." Join us as we explore how a simple food item became intertwined with history, power, and nostalgia, and why its recent revival forces us to confront a complicated national legacy.

It's the iconic, buff-colored canvas that triggers instant nostalgia for generations of Filipino students. In this episode of PODKAS, we unfold the story behind this humble school supply. We trace its journey from recycled abaca ship ropes in 19th-century America to its central role in post-war Philippine classrooms. We reminisce about the collaborative chaos of group projects, the high-stakes art of writing with a Pentel pen, and the honored role of the tagahawak ng manila paper. Finally, we explore its fading presence in the digital age and ask: in a world of screens and slides, what is the enduring legacy of Manila paper?

From the anxious moments before a life-changing entrance exam to the simple joy of learning to write your name, one object has been a constant companion for generations of Filipinos: the iconic yellow Mongol pencil. In this episode, we sharpen our focus on this seemingly simple tool to tell a surprisingly complex story of international branding, local manufacturing, and deep cultural embedding. How did "Pahiram ng mongol?" become the standard way to ask for a pencil? Why was its specific lead grade crucial for every Scantron sheet, and how did it evolve from an imported icon, a proudly Philippine-made product, and back to imported? Join us as we explore the history, nostalgia, and talismanic power of the pencil that has truly written itself into the Filipino story.

Found in virtually every Filipino bathroom from the humblest provincial home to the most luxurious Manila condo, the tabo—that simple plastic water dipper—carries far more cultural weight than its unassuming appearance suggests. In this episode, we trace the tabo's fascinating journey from coconut shell origins in pre-colonial times to its status as a powerful marker of Filipino identity worldwide. Why do overseas Filipinos pack tabos in their luggage? How did this humble dipper spark "hygiene wars" on social media? And what did early Spanish missionaries really think about Filipino bathing habits? From ancient hospitality rituals to modern environmental concerns, we explore how a simple household object became both a symbol of cultural resilience and a source of unexpected controversy. Whether you're a lifelong tabo user or someone who's always wondered about that mysterious plastic cup in Filipino bathrooms, this episode dips into the surprising depth behind one of the Philippines' most ubiquitous yet overlooked cultural artifacts.

In this episode, we bridge the gap between myth and reality as we explore the history and infamy of the San Juanico Bridge. Often romanticized as Ferdinand Marcos’s “gift of love” to Imelda, this iconic structure connecting Leyte and Samar is also a concrete symbol of the Marcos regime’s controversial “edifice complex,” cronyism, and international scandal. From its politically charged origins and its dark association with a Martial Law torture method to its crucial role as a lifeline during disasters like Super Typhoon Yolanda, we unpack the complicated legacy of an engineering marvel. How can a single object represent both national pride and national shame, and how do we remember a past built in steel and stone? Listen now to find out.

Join us as we peel back the layers on a beloved Filipino condiment staple: banana ketchup. We trace the surprising history of this sweet and tangy red condiment, from its ingenious creation by food scientist and war hero María Orosa during a time of scarcity to its status as a global symbol of Filipino resourcefulness and cultural identity. Discover how a wartime substitute for tomato ketchup became a fixture in Filipino households and a nostalgic taste of home for the diaspora. We also delve into the condiment's cultural significance, its role in iconic dishes like Filipino spaghetti, and the contemporary debates surrounding its authenticity and global expansion. This episode explores how an everyday object can tell a profound story of innovation, resilience, and the complex flavors of Filipino history.