In this episode of Hardtack, I discuss the atrocities of the Pacific War with guest Quin Cho, an archivist at Pacific Atrocities Education. We explore the historical context of the Pacific War, the significance of the Burma Campaign, and the radicalization of the Kwantung Army. Quin shares insights from his research and writing process, including his upcoming book on the Kwantung Army, and discusses the mission of Pacific Atrocities Education in raising awareness about these historical events. The conversation highlights the importance of understanding the complexities of military history and its lasting impact on international relations today.
Sources:
PAE Homepage - https://www.pacificatrocities.org/
Quin Cho’s Competing Empires in Burma - https://www.amazon.com/dp/B091KR4TYC
Return with us this week as Jeff Ballard and I continue our journey in the Pacific Theater of World War II during 1942 and '43 . Here, Jeff and I look into the new naval tactics designed by Admiral Burke and explore the technological difficulties of American Naval firepower early in the war. Lastly, Jeff provides us with an overview of the important role of the Destroyer.
Jeff Ballard holds a Master’s in Military History with a concentration in World War II. He is on the editorial staff of the Saber and Scroll Military History Journal and is the Editor in Chief of the Military History Chronicles military history journal.
Visit the Pacific Theater of World War II during 1942 and '43 with Military Historian Jeff Ballard. Here, Jeff and I delve deep into an operational overview of the Pacific Theater, the Japanese response to American initiative after Midway, failures and successes in naval leadership, and new doctrine.
Jeff Ballard holds a Master’s in Military History with a concentration in World War II. He is on the editorial staff of the Saber and Scroll Military History Journal and is the Editor in Chief of the Military History Chronicles military history journal.
In this episode we have a very special guest, Dr. John McManus. He is a military historian with 15 books published and holds the position of Professor of Military History at the Missouri University of Science and Technology.
Some of his works include The Americans at D-Day: The American Experience at the Normandy Invasion, The Dead and Those about to Die: D-Day: The Big Red One at Omaha Beach, and To the End of the Earth: The US Army and the Downfall of Japan, 1945.
In this episode we are lucky to have him with us to speak on his newest book American Courage, American Carnage: The 7th Infantry Regiment’s Combat Experience, 1812 through WWII.
American Courage, American Carnage
American military intervention in Korea at the end of June 1950 began with a clearly defined and just goal in response to the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea’s (DPRK) invasion of their sovereign rival below the 38th Parallel. U.S. President Harry S. Truman’s foreign policy goals in Southeast Asia, the defense of the Republic of Korea (ROK) and containment of communism in the region, were threatened by the invasion. The United States and the ROK Army found themselves assailed by the rapid advance of the North Korean People’s Army (NKPA). Pushed back to the Pusan Perimeter where the threat of total military defeat loomed over the heads of the defenders, the combined American and South Korean forces held and successfully executed a counteroffensive which drove the NKPA back across the 38th Parallel and stood as a resounding victory for the United States, South Korea, and democracy. For the moment, communism had not spread in Southeast Asia and had been contained. However, foreign policy changed and so, too, did America’s war aims.
Bloody Ridge signaled the United States’ shift from the pursuit of total victory to limited objective engagements intended to influence and strengthen its political position at the negotiation table.
Sources:
Alexander, Bevin. Korea: The First War We Lost. New York, NY: Hippocrene Books, 2004.
Blair, Clay. The Forgotten War. London: Times Books, 1987.
Fehrenbach, T. R. This Kind of War: The Classic Korean War History. Dulles, VA: Potomac Books, 2008.
Gugeler, Russell A. Combat Actions in Korea. Center of Military History. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, U.S. Army, 1987. https://history.army.mil/books/korea/30-2/30-2_con.htm.
Hermes, Walter G. Truce Tent and Fighting Front. Center of Military History. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, United States Army, 2005. https://history.army.mil/books/korea/truce/ch5.htm.
Lynch, John M. “Korean War 9th Infantry Regiment - Command Report - August 1951.” College Park: Korean War Project, n.d.
Patterson, Michael Robert. “Clark Louis Ruffner General, United States Army.” Clark Louis Ruffner, General, United States Army, December 24, 2006. http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/clruffner.htm.
Patterson, Michael Robert. “James Alward Van Fleet General, United States Army.” James Alward Van Fleet, general, United States Army, October 17, 2007. http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/vanfleet.htm.
Woong-ki, Song. “Get Away from It All in Yanggu.” The Korea Herald. The Korea Herald, August 6, 2010. http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20100806000681.
Young, Robert N. “Korean War 2nd Infantry Division - Command Report - August 1951.” Dallas: Korean War Project, n.d.
Fueled by events that reflected Gilded Age American economic, cultural, and political interests in the preceding years, the presence and role of sensationalist styled news medium known as “yellow journalism” found its place into the fray and was woven into the fabric of America’s foreign affairs. “Yellow journalism” furthered American ambitions of empire and aided foreign policy efforts in advancing overseas expansion through the exploitation of the Cuban War of Independence.
Sources
Avalon Project - Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain; December 10, 1898. Accessed June 26, 2021. https://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/sp1898.asp.
Calhoun, Charles W. The Gilded Age: Perspectives on the Origins of Modern America. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2007.
Dill, William A. “Growth of Newspapers in the United States.” Kansas University Scholar Works. Kansas University. Accessed June 24, 2021. https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/21361/dill_1928_3425151.pdf?sequence=1.
MacOwen, Arthur H. Remember the Maine. Library of Congress. Library of Congress. Accessed June 24, 2021. https://www.loc.gov/static/classroom-materials/spanish-american-war-the-united-states-becomes-a-world-power/documents/remember.pdf.
War Movie
Watch War Movies: The American Battle in Cinema | Prime Video (amazon.com)
Shortly after Japan launched its surprise attack on Naval Station Pearl Harbor on December 7th, 1941, President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, resulting in over 100k West Coast citizens and residents of Japanese descent into incarceration camps. Racism against Japanese Americans rapidly increased as distrust ballooned. What many Americans failed to realize was that Japanese Americans were also inflamed at the attack on Pearl Harbor. Afterall, they were Americans, too.
Sources:
Go For Broke – National Education Center
nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/442nd-regimental-combat-team
Tune in to this episode of Hardtack for an interview with a special guest, the producer, director, writer, and editor of the five-part documentary series, War Movie: The American Battle in Cinema, Steve Summers.
War Movie is a documentary series that examines not only the history of war in American cinema, but how this medium has shaped our country's perspective on conflict, foreign policy, race, masculinity and national identity.
Sources and Links:
Watch War Movies: The American Battle in Cinema | Prime Video (amazon.com)
War Movie: The American Battle in Cinema (TV Series 2023) - IMDb
National Museum of the Pacific War (pacificwarmuseum.org)
Standing five feet six inches tall and weighing just 145 pounds, the hazel eyed Catholic man of Eastern European descent fit the profile the FBI and Army Intelligence department were looking for in 1966 for a “special assignment.” The brown haired, spectacled man spoke Czech and German, had an understanding of Russian and several other Slavic languages. More than that, their man had proven himself to be of quick wit, assertive, and confidant in his capabilities. His memory was sharp and his recall abilities the sort you may expect from any fictional sleuth like James Bond or Sherlock Holmes, though the FBI was not looking for their Soviet Era James Bond.
The special mission involved the right man with the right nerve and background to walk into the Soviet Embassy in Mexico City and be used as bait.
With a reputation as a hard man, married to a European woman, and having a mother still living behind the Iron Curtain in Czechoslovakia, Rudolph Ciglar had the personality and the background that made him the ideal candidate for the job as double agent. Unfortunately, the assignment also resulted in his untimely and still questionable death.
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Sources:
Widows - William R. Corson, Susan B. Trento, Joseph J. Trento
Ralph J. Sigler : Federal Bureau of Investigation : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive
The Battle of Tannenberg was one of the first major battles of World War I, fought between Russia and Germany in East Prussia. The early decisions of German leadership in World War I, and consequently the Eastern Front, resulted from the German war plan of 1914. However, Eighth Army’s operations in East Prussia did not adhere to the plan’s original course of action. Although outnumbered, the Imperial German Army successfully and overwhelmingly outperformed the Russian First and Second Armies in mobilization, strategic and tactical execution, logistics, and reconnaissance. The Battle of Tannenberg was one of Germany’s earliest, most decisive tactical victories.
The Saber and Scroll Socials:
The Saber and Scroll Journal (scholasticahq.com) The Saber and Scroll Journal: Volume 11, Number 2, Winter 2022: Ballard, Jeffrey: 9781637238356: Amazon.com: Books
You can find the Hardtack socials, website, and Patreon via linktree. If you have any feedback on Hardtack episodes or suggestions for future episodes, please send an email to hardtackpod@gmail.com Don't forget to rate and subscribe! Make your Own Hardtack! Hardtack Recipe (Survival Bread) - Bread Dad Sources: Duffy, Michael “Firstworldwar.com.” First World War.com - Primary Documents -
The Battle of Tannenberg by Paul von Hindenburg, August 1914. Accessed July 24,
2021. https://www.firstworldwar.com/source/tannenberg_hindenburg.htm.
Gurko Vasiliĭ Iosifovich. Memories & Impressions of War and Revolution in Russia,
1914-1917. London: John Murray, 2010.
Hoffman, Max. “Chapter III - The Battle of Tannenberg.” Essay. In The War of Lost
Opportunities, 27–38. Eschenburg Press, 2018.
Showalter, Dennis E. Tannenberg: Clash of Empires, 1914. United States: Potomac
Books, Inc., An imprint of the University of Nebraska Press, 2004.
Strachan, Hew. The First World War. New York, NY: Penguin Books, 2013.
Sweetman, John. Tannenberg 1914. London: Cassell, 2002.
The Sengoku Period, or Warring States Era, of Japan began in 1467 with the Onin War. Feudal Japan was characterized by violence between warring states, where kinsmen cut each other down in bids for territorial superiority. Independent warlords among the domains unleashed their samurai and fighting men on each other in anarchic attempts to gain dominance. Rivalries ebbed and flowed. Alliances formed and were shattered. Allegiance among warlords was only to self, cooperation existed only when it benefitted the warlords. For the peasant class life was hell, which resulted in regular instances of ikki, or peasant class uprisings. Power began to consolidate in the mid-16th century when a group of warlords had singled themselves out as primary dominators in their regions, having bested their rivals. These “great power” warlords boasted superior militant groups, greater territorial expansion, and grew their base through the exploitation of their weaker neighbors. But when great powers exist, great conflict arises. From the conflicts of these superior warlords came the unification campaigns of Sengoku Japan. Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa Ieyasu were the three great warlords at the center of Japan’s unification. Nobunaga died in 1582 before Japan could be truly unified and the rogue warlords brought to heel. His successor Hideyoshi accomplished unification in 1590, though resistance had not been entirely eradicated. It was Tokugawa Ieyasu, after Hideyoshi’s death in 1598, that made Japan whole in 1600 after the Battle of Sekigahara. A battle which brought about Japan’s final Shogunate, and in which this episode’s subject participated at the age of only sixteen. Miyamoto Musashi, born Miyamoto Bennosuke, met with difficulty at a young age and some details of the legendary swordsman remain unclear. However, one defining theme is evident even in his earliest years: that Miyamoto’s life was to be one characterized by violence.
The Book of Five Rings: Link
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Sources: BRINKLEY, Frank, and Dairoku KIKUCHI. A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the End of the Meiji Era ... By Capt. F. Brinkley ... with the Collaboration of Baron Kikuchi ... With 150 Illustrations ... and Maps. New York & London, 1915.
Miyamoto, Musashi, and William Scott Wilson. The Book of Five Rings. Boston: Shambhala Publications, 2012.
Miyamoto, Musashi, Lawrence A. Kane, and Kris Wilder. Musashis Dokkodo (The Way of Walking Alone): Half Crazy, Half Genius, Finding Modern Meaning in the Sword Saints Last Words. Burien, WA: Stickman Publications, 2015.
TC 2-91.4 Intelligence Support to Urban Operations, TC 2-91.4 Intelligence Support to Urban Operations § (2015). https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/tc2_91x4 FINAL.pdf.
Wilson, William Scott. The Lone Samurai: the Life of Miyamoto Musashi. Boston: Shambhala, 2013.
Yoshikawa, Eiji, Charles S. Terry, Edwin O. Reischauer, and Eiji Yoshikawa. Musashi. New
York: Kodansha, 2012.
In 27 BCE, Rome transitioned from a republic to an empire. Emperor Augustus Caesar reinstated past political institutions and championed reform that enabled peace, prosperity, and targeted corruption. The rule of Augustus brought about the beginning of Pax Romana, or Roman Peace, a nearly 200-year period that is considered to have been Rome’s “golden age”. During this time, the Roman Empire reached the pinnacle of its expansion, its population increased, and economic, military, and government institutions experienced stability and growth. Rome laid its extensive road system, connecting the expanses of the Empire with the ancient world where “all roads lead to Rome”. The people of Rome lived in relative safety and security.
But the road to Roman Peace was not paved straight, level, or on solid foundation. It was treacherous, broken and twisted, with rises and falls, and it was built with the bones and blood of its people, and of the people that Rome had conquered. In the years before 27 BCE Rome had created for itself a multitude of enemies. Germanic tribes, British Celts, Dacians, Armenians, Numidians, and scores of others had reason to hate the great Empire, and desired only to add Roman bones to the ever-growing pile. However, not all enemies were of foreign origin. Some enemies could be found within Rome, on its streets, and some within Rome’s own Senate. So learned Dictator for Life, Julius Caesar, on the Ides of March, 44 BCE as he bled out on the floor of the Curia of Pompey, surrounded by some that he called “friend”. This is Hardtack Episode 27: The Assassination of Julius Caesar.
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Sources:
Sizgorich, Tom. "Julius Caesar." In World at War: Understanding Conflict and Society, ABC-CLIO, 2023. Accessed March 8, 2023. https://worldatwar2-abc-clio-com.ezproxy2.apus.edu/Search/Display/1669996.
Nicolaus of Damascus' account appears in Workman, B.K. They Saw it Happen in Classical Times (1964); Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars (Penguin Classics), translated by Robert Graves (1957).
Dio's Rome, Volume 2 by Cassius Dio Cocceianus
Historian Richard A. Gabriel neatly summarized Philip II’s legacy, “Had there been no Philip to bring the Macedonian national state into existence, to assemble the economic and military resources to unite Greece, to create the bold strategic vision of conquering Persia, and to invent the first modern, tactically sophisticated and strategically capable military force in Western military history as the instrument for accomplishing that vision, the exploits of Philip’s son Alexander is Asia would not have been possible.”
Give this episode a listen and learn more about the charismatic and amazing life of Philip II of Macedonia
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Sources:
Philip II of Macedon: Great than Alexander by Richard A. Gabriel
The Anabasis of Alexander by Arrian
Tucker, Spencer C., and Lee L. Brice. "Philip II of Macedon." In World at War: Understanding Conflict and Society, ABC-CLIO, 2023. Accessed February 13, 2023. https://worldatwar2-abc-clio-com.ezproxy2.apus.edu/Search/Display/1722643.
The year was 9 CE. Autumn winds, rain, and cool air blew through the trees of western Germania’s forests. The waters of the Rhine River were beginning their annual swell in the wake of summer’s heat. Though the autumns of Germania were relatively moderate, the season was one of transition and marked by a climate subject to swift change, even week to week at times. So, it was in September in the north of the Germanic central uplands when a certain Roman general marched his men into a pass between Kalkriese Hill and dense, boggy swampland. Unbeknownst to the Romans, they were marching into a bloody, hellish gauntlet that, for them, was to characterize their last days on Earth. The days that followed were a harrowing bloodbath that destroyed three veteran Roman legions and rocked the Roman Empire, and its leader, to the core.
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Sources:
The battle that stopped Rome: Emperor Augustus, Arminius, and the slaughter of the legions in the Teutoburg Forest
https://brewminate.com/annihilation-of-a-roman-army-the-battle-of-teutoburg-forest/
Long Term Decline of the Roman Military
World at War: Understanding Conflict and Society - Long Term Decline of Roman Military (apus.edu)
A General History of Europe: The Decline of the Ancient World by A.H.M. Jones
History of the Goths by Herwig Wolfram
Dyck, Ludwig Heinrich. "Arminius." Ancient History Encyclopedia. July 12, 2019. Accessed July 14, 2019.
https://www.ancient.eu/Arminius/
Fisher, Martini. "Publius Quinctilius Varus." Ancient History Encyclopedia. July 10, 2019. Accessed July 14, 2019.
https://www.ancient.eu/Publius_Quinctilius_Varus/
"Florus on the Germanic Wars." Livius. Accessed July 14, 2019. https://www.livius.org/sources/content/florus/florus-on-the-germanic-wars/
The year was 1962. In February, John Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth. The World’s Fair took place on April 21st in Seattle, Washington and the Space Needle, which stands at 602 feet tall and features a rotating SkyCity restaurant, was unveiled to the world. Black student John Meredith attempted to enroll at the University of Mississippi leading to public backlash and rioting. Marvel’s Spiderman swung onto the comic book scene. Algeria gained independence from France, Jamaica from Great Britain. Blonde bombshell Marilyn Monroe famously sang Happy Birthday to American President John F. Kennedy in May, only to be found dead from an overdose three months later in August. Nelson Mandela was arrested for sabotage. The first James Bond film, Dr. No, hit London theaters. And for thirteen days in October the world held its breath, faced with the threat of nuclear war.
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Civil War Recipe: Hardtack (1861) – The American Table
Sources:
The Cuban Missile Crisis: The Soviet View
The Cuban Missile Crisis 1962
Hotline agreements: 1963 U.S.-Soviet Memorandum of Understanding
Speech by Nikita Khrushchev on the Cuban Missile Crisis
Kennedy Speeches
The Kennedy-Khrushchev Letter
Executing a plan developed and approved by the Eisenhower administration, President John F. Kennedy deployed a brigade of 1,400 Cuban exiles to overthrow Cuban Dictator Fidel Castro in 1961. The Bay of Pigs Invasion was terribly executed and a significant disaster for the Kennedy administration.
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Hardtack Recipe (Survival Bread) - Bread Dad
Civil War Recipe: Hardtack (1861) – The American Table
Sources:
The History of the Bay of Pigs Invasion
https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/the-bay-of-pigs
Cuban Revolution
https://www.thoughtco.com/the-cuban-revolution-2136372
Cold War Timeline
https://titanmissilemuseum.org/about/cold-war-timeline/
U.S. and Cuba Relations
U.S. and Cuba Relations
https://www.cfr.org/timeline/us-cuba-relations
Germany 1945-1949
Bay of Pigs Strategy Case Study
Operation Ajax
The Founding of NATO
https://www.nato.int/wearenato/why-was-nato-founded.html
The Truman Doctrine
The Cuban Revolution https://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1040&context=headwaters
The Imperial Japanese Army was born of, and found its conclusion in, violent conflict. Westernization had come to Japan during the mid to late nineteenth century and divided the nation, for a time reversing the unification efforts of the Tokugawa Shogunate. Consisting of warring clans and provinces governed by a militarily ordered form of government, feudal Japan was a nation designed from warfare, and warfare had long been an essential thread in the weave of Japanese society.
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Make your Own Hardtack!
Hardtack Recipe (Survival Bread) - Bread Dad
Civil War Recipe: Hardtack (1861) – The American Table
Sources:
Barker, A. J. Japanese Army Handbook 1939-1945. London: Ian Allan Ltd., 1979.
Brinkley, Frank and Kikuchi, Dairoku A History of the Japanese People From the Earliest Times to the End of the Meiji Era. Andesite Press, 2015.
Clancey, Patrick, ed., TM-3 30-480 Technical Manual Handbook on Japanese Military Forces §. Accessed February 10, 2022. https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/Japan/IJA/HB/HB-7.html?fbclid=IwAR0u_LliAyyGUjGIvNLMTVIBQCiD8LvHzSQ_hUF4eF5yQLNPbxSW4ZPAVas.
Drea, Edward J. “In the Army Barracks of Imperial Japan.” Armed Forces & Society 15, no. 3 (1989): 329–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327x8901500301.
Drea, Edward J. Japan's Imperial Army: Its Rise and Fall 1853-1945. Read.amazon.com. Kansas City, KS: University Press Kansas, 2009. https://read.amazon.com/?asin=B01EBBK.
Paine, S. C. M. The Japanese Empire: Grand Strategy from the Meiji Restoration to the Pacific War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
Smith, Richard J. “Meiji Japan and Late Qing China: Some Comparisons.” Charter Oath IWSM Preface. Accessed January 29, 2022. http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~asia/CharterOathIWSMPreface.html.
The year 1915 was a significant year for the participants of the Great War, and a great many memorable events occurred. The Gallipoli Campaign commenced, along with the Raid on the Suez Canal, the Second Battle of Ypres began, the RMS Lusitania passenger ship was sent to the seabed by a German U-Boat, to name a few. A lot was happening. The Great War was heating up. These campaigns, events and battles are definitely areas of WWI that most military history enthusiasts have heard of, but have you heard of the Battle of Dogger Bank?
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Sources:
Germany's high sea fleet in the World War, written by Carl Friedrich Heinrich Reinhard Scheer (Admiral in the Imperial German Navy)
https://archive.org/details/germanyshighseaf00sche
The king's ships were at sea : the war in the North Sea, August 1914-February 1915
by Goldrick, James https://archive.org/details/kingsshipswereat0000gold/page/n5/mode/2up
https://archive.org/details/navaloperations00newbgoog/page/n14/mode/2up (from page 82)
Philbin, Tobias R., III (1982). Admiral von Hipper: The Inconvenient Hero. Amsterdam: B. R. Grüner Publishing Co.
Battle of Dogger Bank:
https://navymuseum.co.nz/explore/by-themes/world-war-one/battle-of-dogger-bank/
The Battle of Dogger Bank as then Lieutenant AD Boyle serving in HMS New Zealand recalled it: https://navymuseum.co.nz/explore/by-themes/world-war-one/battle-of-dogger-bank-lt-a-d-boyle/
SIGINT and Electronic Warfare (As it relates to Room 40) https://web.archive.org/web/20120805161935/http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/cryptologic_spectrum/electronic_warfare.pdf
https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/voices-of-the-first-world-war-war-at-sea
https://www.westernfrontassociation.com/world-war-i-articles/the-battle-of-dogger-bank-january-1915/
