This lecture focuses on recent developments in image processing driven by medical applications. All algorithms are motivated by practical problems. The mathematical tools required to solve the considered image processing tasks will be introduced. The lecture will be composed of the following topics: Motivation: Introduction to Medical Image Processing Acquisition: Basic Concepts of Different Modalities Modality Dependent Image Enhancement Segmentation of Medical Images Image Sequences: Processing of Multiple Images Reconstruction in Medical Imaging Volume Processing Image Registration and Fusion Computer Aided Diagnosis