Jean Nicolet was the first documented exploration of Wisconsin by French explorers. He landed near the Bay of Green Bay and met with leaders of the local Ho-Chunk Nation. Sent by Samuel De Champlain to broker peace in hopes of expanding French fur trade further west. Tune in to learn more about Jean Nicolet and his place in Wisconsin history.
Suggest a future episode! Contact us on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter or send an email to badgerlandjournal@gmail.com
Sources:
“Arrival of the First Europeans.” Wisconsin Historical Society, August 3, 2012. https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS388.
Ho-Chunk (Winnebago) and Nicolet, 1634. Accessed July 9, 2025. https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/amerbegin/contact/text6/hochunk.pdf.
“Ho-Chunk History.” Milwaukee Public Museum. Accessed July 9, 2025. https://www.mpm.edu/content/wirp/ICW-150.
“Jean Nicolet.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Accessed July 9, 2025. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jean-Nicolet.
“Nicolet, Jean 1598-1642.” Wisconsin Historical Society, August 3, 2012. https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS1665.
In honor of the 250th Anniversary of the American Revolution, Badgerland Journal will be covering Revolutionary War veterans who served, later moved to Wisconsin and are interred in the state. The first of this series cover Philip Allen, whose family founded Allen's Grove Wisconsin. Philip Allen was present for the Siege of Boston at the Roxbury Garrison, Battle of Bennington and the surrender of British General John Burgoyne at the Battle of Saratoga. Tune in to learn more about Wisconsin's connection to the Revolution.
Let us know how you liked the podcast or suggest new ideas! Contact us on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter or send an email to badgerlandjournal@gmail.com
Sources:
Barrett, Brian. “Half Moon as a Revolutionary War Camp.” New York Almanack, January 31, 2021. https://www.newyorkalmanack.com/2019/02/half-moon-as-a-revolutionary-war-camp/.
“Bennington.” American Battlefield Trust. Accessed July 1, 2025. https://www.battlefields.org/learn/revolutionary-war/battles/bennington.
Brustman, Bob. “Rediscovering Roxbury’s Revolutionary Role.” Harvard Gazette, April 6, 2006. https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2006/04/rediscovering-roxburys-revolutionary-role/.
“History of Allen Grove.” Wisconsin Historical Society, January 1, 2012. https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Newspaper/BA4607.
“Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty Land Warrant Application File S. 17814, Philip Allen, Mass.” National Archives and Records Administration. Accessed July 1, 2025. https://catalog.archives.gov/id/53807149.
“Saratoga.” American Battlefield Trust. Accessed July 1, 2025. https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/saratoga.
On May 13th 2025 the shipwreck of the Tugboat J.S. Ames was found in Manitowoc Bay. The ship lay within The Wisconsin Shipwreck Coast National Marine Sanctuary which was recently designated in 2021. This episode talks about the history of both the J.S. Ames as well as the creation of the Oceanic Atmospheric Administrations newest National Marine Sanctuary.
Let us know what other shipwrecks we should cover! Contact us on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter or send an email to badgerlandjournal@gmail.com
Sources:
“J.C. Ames.” Wisconsin Shipwrecks. Accessed June 30, 2025. https://wisconsinshipwrecks.org/Vessel/Details/859?region=Index.
Looby, Caitlin. “Wisconsin Angler Discovers One of the Largest Tugboats in Great Lakes History off Manitowoc.” Journal Sentinel, May 19, 2025. https://www.jsonline.com/story/news/local/2025/05/19/historic-tugboat-scrapped-off-manitowoc-discovered-by-wisconsin-angler/83722830007/.
Looby, Caitlin. “Wisconsin’s National Marine Sanctuary Is a Museum Beneath the Water.” Journal Sentinel, March 21, 2024. https://www.jsonline.com/story/news/local/wisconsin/2024/03/21/what-to-know-about-wisconsins-marine-sanctuary-in-lake-michigan/73022115007/.
I recently had the pleasure of sitting down with Ralph and Mary Ehlinger to discuss their play Lincoln and Liberty Too. The story is based on their ancestor Peter Ehlinger who served in the Civil War, was captured, and died in Andersonville Prison. Tune in to learn about how they turned their family history into a compelling story about family, hope and faith.
Let us know what other Wisconsin Heroes we should cover! Contact us on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter or send an email to badgerlandjournal@gmail.com
Poplar Wisconsin produced one of the best fighter pilots in U.S. History. Richard Bong became known as the Ace of All Aces after he shot down 40 Japanese airplanes. While he cemented his place in history as an American hero, his life came to a tragic end shortly before the end of the war. Tune in to learn more about the history of Richard Bong.
Let us know what other Wisconsin Heroes we should cover! Contact us on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter or send an email to badgerlandjournal@gmail.com
Sources:
“Bong Given Promotion; Now Major.” Leader-Telegram. April 15, 1944.
“Bong Hunts in South Dakota.” Leader-Telegram. January 20, 1945.
“Bong, Bride Honeymooning.” The La Crosse Tribune, February 12, 1945.
Clements, Olen W. “Maj. Bong Grounded Indefinitely; Wants to Keep up Combat Flying.” The La Crosse Tribune, April 15, 1944.
Lauritsen, John. “Explorers Find What They Believe Is Richard Bong’s Downed Plane in Jungle Ravine.” CBS News, May 24, 2024. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/explorers-find-what-they-believe-is-richard-bongs-downed-plane-in-jungle-ravine/.
“Leaving Bong Alone.” Monroe Evening Times, January 12, 1945.
“Maj. Bong Insurance Pay Cancelled Due to Jet Plane Flight.” The La Crosse Tribune, August 2, 1946.
“Major Bong Dies in Jet Plane Crash.” The La Crosse Tribune, August 7, 1945.
Malloryk. “Major Richard Bong’s Medal of Honor.” The National WWII Museum | New Orleans, June 13, 2021. https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/richard-bong-medal-of-honor.
“Marjorie Bong Is Wed in Hollywood.” Janesville Daily Gazette, October 31, 1946.
Miller, Jane. “Air Situation Changed.” Leader-Telegram. November 17, 1943.
“Mrs. Bong Given Many Job Offers.” Waukesha Daily Freeman, March 18, 1946.
“Richard Bong.” Richard Bong State Recreation Area. Accessed July 15, 2024. https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/topic/parks/richardbong.
“Richard Ira Bong.” Wisconsin Historical Society, August 3, 2012. https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS2324.
“Who Is Richard Bong?” Richard I. Bong Veterans Historical Center, May 28, 2024. https://bongcenter.org/about/who-is-major-richard-i-bong/.
The Shipwreck of the Trinidad was discovered by the Wisconsin Underwater Archaeology Association last year and was recently placed on the Historic Register by the Wisconsin Historical Society. Today we are going to discuss the history Wisconsin's recently discovered shipwrecks.
Make sure to let us know your favorite Great Lakes shipwreck! Check us out on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter or send an email to badgerlandjournal@gmail.com
Sources:
Clough, Christopher. “This Lake Michigan ‘Time Capsule’ Shipwreck Is Now on the Wisconsin Historic Register.” Green Bay Press-Gazette, March 8, 2024. https://www.greenbaypressgazette.com/story/news/local/door-co/2024/03/08/time-capsule-great-lakes-shipwreck-joins-wisconsin-historic-register/72888209007/.
Great Lake Shipwreck Research. “Wisconsin’s Newest Shipwreck Revealed - August 2023.” YouTube, September 1, 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cuBcog1W7jM.
Hernandez, Joe. “Shipwreck Hunters Discover a Schooner’s 142-Year-Old Remains in Lake Michigan.” NPR, September 4, 2023. https://www.npr.org/2023/09/04/1197480909/shipwreck-trinidad-found-lake-michigan-wisconsin.
Suliman, Adela. “Intact 1881 ‘Trinidad’ Shipwreck Found in Wisconsin Waters by Historians.” Washington Post, September 2, 2023. https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2023/09/02/trinidad-schooner-shipwreck-maritime/.
“Trinidad.” Wisconsin Shipwrecks. Accessed May 27, 2024. https://wisconsinshipwrecks.org/Vessel/Details/617.
Mildred Fish-Harnack was the only American women to be executed on Hitler's direct orders. She was born in Milwaukee Wisconsin and was a professor at UW-Madison before moving to Germany with her husband Arvid Harnack. When the Nazis rose to power Mildred, Arvid and their friends began to work against the authoritarian government even though it would eventually cost them their lives. Tune in to learn more about this remarkably courageous women.
Let us know who your favorite guest has been on Facebook, Instagram, or send an email to badgerlandjournal@gmail.com
Sources:
Brysac, Shareen Blair. “When the Red Orchestra Fell Silent.” The New York Times, February 15, 2013. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/16/opinion/global/when-the-red-orchestra-fell-silent.html.
Cottrell, Chris. “American Resistance Member Is Honored in Berlin.” The New York Times, September 21, 2013. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/21/world/europe/american-resistance-member-is-honored-in-berlin.html.
Higgins, Jim. “Gripping Biography Details How Milwaukee’s Mildred Harnack Led Resistance to Hitler While Living in Berlin.” Journal Sentinel, September 2, 2021. https://www.jsonline.com/story/entertainment/books/2021/08/18/book-details-how-milwaukees-mildred-harnack-led-resistance-hitler-biography/5559514001/.
“Mildred Fish-Harnack.” Wisconsin Women Making History, February 14, 2024. https://womeninwisconsin.org/profile/mildred-fish-harnack/.
“Mildred Fish-Harnack: Germany’s Secret Hero – Wisconsin Biographies.” PBS Wisconsin Education, May 6, 2024. https://pbswisconsineducation.org/bio/mildred-fish-harnack/.
Today's episode discusses the German-American identity of the Pabst Family. I am joined by Grace Mager as we discuss how the beer baron's family navigated both their German heritage as immigrants, as well as their love of their new home in Milwaukee.
Check out the Pabst Mansion website here
Let us know what you think of our podcast on Facebook, Instagram, or send an email to badgerlandjournal@gmail.com
Sources:
“Brilliantly Wedded.” Milwaukee Sentinel. June 23, 1897.
“Eulogy of Capt. Pabst by Gen. F. C. Winkler. Milwaukee Journal. January 5, 1904. 9.
“Gambrinus in Glass.” Milwaukee Journal. April 21, 1893.
Kamphoefner, Walter D. Germans in America: A Concise History. Rowman & Littlefield, 2021.
“Many Honor Captain of Industry.” Milwaukee Journal. January 4, 1904. 3.
Miller, Carl. “The Rise of the Beer Barons.” BeerHistory.com. Accessed April 24, 2024. https://www.beerhistory.com/library/holdings/beerbarons.shtml.
Milwaukee Sentinel. June 20, 1897.
“Mrs. Nunnemacher Will Wed.” New York Times. March 29, 1902.
“Mrs. Pabst Passes Away.” Milwaukee Journal. October 4, 1906. 9.
“Old Pabst Mansion on Highland Faces.” Milwaukee Journal. May 10, 1970.
“Pabst Family Historical Letters Give Glimpse into WIS.. German Beer Roots.” ABC7 Chicago, March 2, 2021. https://abc7chicago.com/pabst-letters-milwuakee-wisconsin/10378226/.
“Social and Personal.” Milwaukee Journal. March 26, 1896. 2.
“The Germans in America.” Chronology : The Germans in America (European Reading Room, Library of Congress). Accessed April 24, 2024. https://www.loc.gov/rr/european/imde/germchro.html.
Widen, Larry. “Frederick Pabst: Brewer, Banker, Empire Builder.” Shepherd Express, May 3, 2023. https://shepherdexpress.com/culture/milwaukee-history/frederick-pabst-brewer-banker-empire-builder/.
The state of Wisconsin has a large variety of geographic features. Much of the land has been influenced by the glaciers when they melted over 17,000 years ago. Today's podcast will cover some of the most well-known features such as the driftless area, the Kettle Moraine, the Niagara escarpment, ancient coral reefs, and the sub-continental divide.
A listener suggested today's episode! You can suggest the next episode by contacting us!
badgerlandjournal@gmail.com
Resources:
“About the Escarpment.” Niagara Escarpment Foundation , February 5, 2021. https://nefoundation.ca/about-the-escarpment/.
Bence, Susan. “Did You Know There’s an Ancient Coral Reef in Wauwatosa?” WUWM 89.7 FM - Milwaukee’s NPR, July 6, 2020. https://www.wuwm.com/environment/2016-05-27/did-you-know-theres-an-ancient-coral-reef-in-wauwatosa.
“Driftless Area.” Wisconsin Historical Society, August 3, 2012. https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS1626.
Hayes, Paul G. “Subcontinental Divide.” Encyclopedia of Milwaukee, April 16, 2020. https://emke.uwm.edu/entry/subcontinental-divide/.
“History | Kettle Moraine State Forest.” Wisconsin DNR. Accessed December 25, 2023. https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/topic/parks/kmn/history.
“Niagara Escarpment.” Destination Door County. Accessed December 25, 2023. https://www.doorcounty.com/experience/scenic-attractions/niagara-escarpment.
“The Niagara Escarpment: Wisconsin’s Eighth Natural Wonder.” OnMilwaukee, September 30, 2011. https://onmilwaukee.com/articles/niagaraescarpment.
“The Physical Geography of Wisconsin.” Wisconsin Historical Society, August 3, 2012. https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS387.
Unknown, Nicole. “Few People Know These Prehistoric Reefs in Wisconsin Are Hundreds of Millions of Years Old.” OnlyInYourState, March 10, 2018. https://www.onlyinyourstate.com/wisconsin/wi-prehistoric-reefs/.
One of my fellow graduate students Jesse Marshall took some time out of his busy schedule at St. Augustine Prep here in Milwaukee to join the episode today. His research focuses largely on the experience of German Americans in the United States. Much of his research looks at Milwaukee Wisconsin because of its high German-American population. We discuss how the German-American experience has changed and adapted in Milwaukee and the United States beginning from the country's inception to the modern day.
Give us some feedback!
badgerlandjournal@gmail.com
Today Dr. Christopher Cantwell of Loyola University Chicago joins us to discuss his project Gathering Places which looks at the history of religious places in Milwaukee. He talks about how the project was started when he was teaching at UW-Milwaukee. In addition, we discuss the significance of the project and what the future holds for this digital archive. Click the link to check out The Gathering Places. If you'd like to know more about Dr. Cantwell's research and projects click here.
Give us some feedback!
badgerlandjournal@gmail.com
Dr. Michael Oberg of SUNY Geneseo the Author of Professional Indian: The American Odyssey of Eleazer Williams was kind enough to join the podcast and discuss his book. He has spent hours understanding the mind of Williams and has intriguing insights into the complex man. We discuss Williams's faith, his flaws, and his legacy in both Wisconsin and New York. Williams spent his life attempting to get ahead, and in the end, was left with very little. The podcast attempt to understand his motivations, and his importance today.
Give us some feedback!
badgerlandjournal@gmail.com
Special guests Steve Schaffer and Michael Barera, archivists at the Milwaukee County Historical Society, join us today to discuss the history of breweries in Milwaukee. We discuss everything beer from the early history of breweries, beer gardens, tide houses, and prohibition. Let us know if there are any specific breweries you want us to cover in future podcasts!
Give us some feedback!
badgerlandjournal@gmail.com
Give Milwaukee County Historical Society some love!
The first large shipping vessel to sail the Great Lakes disappeared in 1679 and was never heard or seen from again. The Griffon was built by explorer Rene Robert Cavelier Sieur de La Salle in order to help expand the fur trade in North America. Its maiden voyage was from New York to what is modern-day Wisconsin. After waiting out a storm, it departed from either Washington or Rock Island off the Door Peninsula, never to be seen again. Theories of what happened to the Griffon have appeared over the past three centuries. While none have been confirmed, there have been numerous claims regarding the final resting place of the Griffon, tune in to learn about the Griffon and the search its disappearance has inspired.
Let us know what you think happened to the Griffon on Facebook, Instagram, or send an email to badgerlandjournal@gmail.com
Sources:
Freedman, Eric. “Charlevoix Couple Offers Theory on Mysterious 1679 Shipwreck.” The Daily Telegram, March 9, 2022. https://www.lenconnect.com/story/news/state/2022/03/09/charlevoix-couple-theory-1679-shipwreck-le-griffon/9425022002/.
Kohl, Cris, and Joan Forsberg. The Wreck of the Griffon: The Greatest Mystery of the Great Lakes. West Chicago, IL: Seawolf Communications, Inc., 2014.
Kramer, Sarah, Bryce Gray, Lizz Giordano, and Anne Arntson. “The White Whale for Great Lakes Shipwreck Hunters.” Atlas Obscura, June 10, 2021. https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/great-lakes-shipwreck-griffon.
Laitner, Bill. “Doubters Abound as Charlevoix Couple Think They Found Great Lakes’ Oldest Shipwreck.” Detroit Free Press, May 11, 2022. https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/oakland/2022/05/11/great-lakes-shipwreck-griffon-lake-michigan/9665058002/.
“Le Griffon (The Griffin).” Washington Island, 2009. https://washingtonisland.com/le-griffon-the-griffin/.
Miller, Nick. “What Happened to the Lost Ship Le Griffon and Was It Ever Found?” Discovery UK, January 9, 2023. https://www.discoveryuk.com/mysteries/what-happened-to-the-lost-ship-le-griffon-and-was-it-ever-found/.
Have you ever wondered why the Upper Peninsula is not a part of Wisconsin? Did you know that Chicago, Duluth, and St. Paul were all originally part of Wisconsin's intended state borders? Today's episode discusses the formation of Wisconsin's borders and its eventual statehood. Wisconsin, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, and Minnesota were all part of the Northwest Territory of 1787. The charter lay out proposed borders for the future states formed from out of the territory. Initially, Wisconsin's borders were larger than the current state borders. How did this happen? Over the course of many years, each surrounding state began taking land from the proposed Wisconsin borders. Tune in to learn about the various incidents that lead to the creation of Wisconsin borders. Let us know what part of Wisconsin's original land should be given back to Wisconsin on Facebook, Instagram, or send an email to badgerlandjournal@gmail.com
Sources:
“The Creation of Wisconsin Territory.” Wisconsin Historical Society, August 3, 2012. https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS394.
Foran, Chris. “How Wisconsin Lost Land to Illinois, Michigan and Minnesota Before It Became a State.” Journal Sentinel, December 10, 2021. https://www.jsonline.com/story/life/green-sheet/2021/12/10/wisconsins-original-borders-had-illinois-michigan-minnesota-cities/5275719001/.
“History of Wisconsin.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Accessed May 24, 2023. https://www.britannica.com/place/Wisconsin/History.
“Statehood.” Wisconsin Historical Society, January 25, 2021. https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS16414.
Stein, Mark. How The States Got Their Shapes Too: The People Behind the Borderlines. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Books, 2011.
Stein, Mark. How The States Got Their Shapes. New York: Smithsonian Books/Collins, 2009.
In this episode, we have a special guest, Dant'e Cottingham, a community organizer for EXPO (Ex-incarcerated People Organizing) Wisconsin. We will discuss a bit about the prison history in Wisconsin however it will not be our normal format. The majority of the podcast is dedicated to more current issues as Dant'e talks about his own experience with incarceration in addition to the organizations he now works with to help people before and after incarceration. We also discuss proposed reforms to the Wisconsin constitution that were just voted on in the previous election. Listen in to learn more about prisons in Wisconsin.
Check out EXPO Wisconsin's Website Here
Sign the Unlock the Vote Petition Here
Send us feedback on Facebook, and Instagram, or send an email to badgerlandjournal@gmail.com
Samuel Stritch was born in Nashville Tennessee in 1887. He was an influential figure in the Catholic history of the Midwest, including serving as the Archbishop of Milwaukee. Our guest, Fr. Steven Avella, joins us today to discuss the life of Stritch, his passion for education, and his reaction to major events in U.S. history, such as the Great Depression, World War II, and the Cold War.
Send us feed back on Facebook, Instagram, or send an email to badgerlandjournal@gmail.com
J.R.R. Tolkien is the author of popular works such as The Hobbit and Lord of the Rings. He has a huge fan base that spans the world and while he never set foot in the United States, a large chunk of his manuscript collection resides at Marquette University in Milwaukee Wisconsin. Our guest is Dr. Bill Fliss who is the archivist in charge of the Tolkien Collection. We discuss how the collection came to be at Marquette, Tolkien fans, Tolkien exhibits, and an oral history started by Bill. Tune in to this awesome interview to learn more
Let us know your thoughts about J.R.R. Tolkien on Facebook, Instagram, or send an email to badgerlandjournal@gmail.com
If you would like to participate in the Tolkien Fandom Oral History Collection click here
Teddy Roosevelt in 1912 decided to run for a third term as president after being disappointed in his hand-picked successor William Howard Taft's administration. After losing the Republican nomination, Roosevelt ran as a third-party candidate, and the campaign became extremely heated. Toward the end of the campaign, he visited Milwaukee Wisconsin where he was shot from five feet away. Tune in to find out about the attempted assassination of President Teddy Roosevelt.
Make sure to let us know what you think of third party candidates on Facebook, Instagram, or send an email badgerlandjournal@gmail.com
Sources:
“Bull Moose Party.” Ohio History Central. Accessed February 20, 2023. https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Bull_Moose_Party.
“Glass Used by Teddy Roosevelt after Assassination Attempt.” Wisconsin Historical Society. Accessed February 20, 2023. https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS2773.
“John Flammang Schrank.” Theodore Roosevelt Center. Dickinson State University. Accessed February 20, 2023. https://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/Learn-About-TR/TR-Encyclopedia/Law-and-Justice/John-Flammang-Schrank.aspx.
Klein, Christopher. “When Teddy Roosevelt Was Shot in 1912, a Speech May Have Saved His Life.” History, July 21, 2019. https://www.history.com/news/shot-in-the-chest-100-years-ago-teddy-roosevelt-kept-on-talking.
Robbins, Dean. “Shot in the Chest, Theodore Roosevelt Kept Talking in Milwaukee.” Wisconsin Life, October 14, 2016. https://wisconsinlife.org/story/shot-in-the-chest-theodore-roosevelt-kept-talking-in-milwaukee/.
“Theodore Roosevelt Shot in Milwaukee .” History. A&E Television Networ, May 6, 2022. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/theodore-roosevelt-shot-in-milwaukee.
“William McKinley Assassination: Topics in Chronicling America.” Library of Congress. Accessed February 20, 2023. https://guides.loc.gov/chronicling-america-william-mckinley-assassination#:~:text=Chronicling%20America%3A%20Historic%20American%20Newspapers,Exposition%20in%20Buffalo%2C%20New%20York.
Wisconsin Historical Society. Wisconsin Local History & Biography Articles; Racine Journal, Racine, WI. August 13, 1921"; viewed online at https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Newspaper/BA14014 on Febuary 20,2023
January 1854 in Washington D.C. a senator from Illinois introduced a bill to congress. Slavery had become a hotly contested issue within the United States and this bill seeks to resolve the issue of free versus slave states. Little did the man who introduced the bill know that once passed this bill will lead to the downfall of a major political party, and the birth of a new one. Tune into our latest episode about how Wisconsin played a role in the creation of the Republican party.
Make sure to let us know what you think of new political parties on Facebook, Instagram, or send an email badgerlandjournal@gmail.com
Sources:
“Alvan E. Bovay.” Ripon Historical Society, July 20, 2020. https://riponhistory.org/alvan-e-bovay/.
“Home.” Birthplace of the Republican Party, December 13, 2021. https://ripon1854.com/.
“Horace Greeley.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., January 30, 2023. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Horace-Greeley.
“Republican Party Founded .” History. A&E Television Networks, January 8, 2023. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/republican-party-founded.
