The Hebrew Bible is composed during the Second Temple Period in Israel. In Nigeria, we visit a major civilization known as the Nok, whose history is baked into terracotta. Then in North America the Adena and Hopewell cultures are building earthen-mounds. In the Mediterranean, The Classical Age of Greece is underway. And finally, the story of Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic World he began.

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Note: Visit our site if you're after official episode sources. Links below are to peruse and to compliment the episode for more depth.

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Second Temple Period  ·  Writing of the Bible

• Listen to the prologue to the Canterbury Tales here. It is recognizable as English but only just.
• Many stories in the Bible are familiar, Eden, Joseph, Noah’s Arc.
• The oldest parts of the Bible are the Song of Deborah and the Song of the Sea.
• Ten Commandments.
• Isaac and Ishmael.
• Abrahamic religions.

The Nok

• Another description of the Nok with great pictures.
• Description of the Nok Terracotta from the Met. First wide spread statuary in west Africa.
• Nok animal statuary: Example, example.
• Nok sculptures of people - See the classic posture and the perforated eyes: Example, example, example.
• Clay is microscopic bits of weathered feldspar.
• Under a electron microscope clay particles looks like stacks of pancakes.
• One of the articles that references the teaspoon of soil on the Niger vs. ton of soil on the Nile quote.

Woodland Period in North America

• Ohio River Basin map, seasonal living. homes of bent samplings. Caves in the region. diet. earliest domesticates. distinction is fake news.
• Mound - Example, example, example, example, example.
• The grave goods of the Adena and Hopewell include pipes, tablets, copper.
• Reminder of Poverty Point. (Discussed in episode 3).
• Hopewell Earthworks. Unesco site.
• Geometric mounds - Example, example, example.
• Many of the Hopewell earthworks align with the rising and setting of the moon at the solstices or equinoxes.
• One set of mounds that has been used as a golf course for 100 years.
• Serpents Mound.

Classical Period of Ancient Greece   

• The Bronze Age Collapse.
• The Greek Dark Age.
• The Greek Heroic Age.
• Are the tales of the Trojan War memories of the Bronze Age Collapse?
• Greek Alphabet.
• Athens and Sparta fought a series of wars called the Peloponnesian Wars .
• The Olympics was a way for Greek city-states to compete without all out war.
• Democracy in Athens.
• Slavery in Athens and Sparta.
• The Parthenon.
• Plato has his character of Socrates call the Greeks Ants or frogs around the pond.
• Plato, Aristotle, and Socrates are philosophizing.
• Euripides, Sophocles, Aristophanes, and Aeschylus. Not to mention Homer and Sappho.
• Cleisthenes of Athens, Herodotus, Pythagoras, Euclid, Archimedes shouts Eureka.
• Why do so many public buildings in the US look like Greek Temples?
• Hadestown, Song of Achilles, Percy Jackson, 300.

Alexander the Great

• Phillip the Second.
• A picture of the borders of Alexander’s empire.