Major Questions:

3.1 Society and Religion

1. What was the social and religious background of the Reformation?

2. What problems in the church contributed to the Protestant Reformation? Why was the church unable to suppress dissent as it had earlier?

3.2 Martin Luther and German Reformation to 1525

3. Why did Martin Luther challenge the church?

3.3 The Reformation Elsewhere

4. Where did other reform movements develop, and how were they different from Luther’s?

5. What were the basic similarities and differences between the ideas of Luther and Zwingli? Between Luther and Calvin? How did the differences tent to affect the success of the Protestant movement?

3.4 Political Consolidation of the Lutheran Reformation

6. What were the political ramifications of the Reformation?

7. Why did the Reformation begin in Germany? What political factors contributed to its success there as opposed to in France, Spain, or Italy?

3.5 The English Reformation to 1553

8. How did royal dynastic concerns shape the Reformation in England?

9. Why did Henry VIII break with Rome? Was the “new” church he established really Protestant? How did the English church change under his successors?

3.6 Catholic Reform and Counter-Reformation

10. What was the Counter-Reformation, and how successful was it?

11. What reforms did the Council of Trent introduce? Was the Protestant Reformation healthy for the Catholic Church?