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The Sacred War saw Philip hegemon of Greece in all but name. But the war party in Athens led by Demosthenes regretted the peace ending the Sacred War as soon as it was signed. A final showdown was inevitable and it led to the greatest victory in Philip's career.
For the orations of Demosthenes including his Philippics click here.
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He was King for only 13 years and died aged just before he turned 33. However, in that short period Alexander the Great left an enduring mark in his life and in posterity. In June 323 BC, Alexander died in his palace in Babylon. He left no obvious successor and his death initiated 40 years of war.
The coin in the cover art today is one of the seminal coin types of ancient coinage. These coins continued for centuries after his death and while it is debated whether they actually show a portrait of Alexander as Hercules, it is likely that later generations felt this was the case.
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A new power rises in the Middle East. The Persians under Cyrus the great are on the move, taking Media and Babylonia.
In Lydia, Croesus has succeeded his father Alyattes and issues the first gold and silver coinage. Comforted the advice of the Oracle of Delphi, he decides to crush the Persian upstart once and for all.
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The first western coinage is generally attributed to the Kingdom of Lydia in Anatolia. The Greek cities of Ionia are another contender and started minting coins at the same time or soon after. However, the electrum deposits used to make these first coins were within Lydia, making them the likely first issuers of coinage.
The episode looks at the rise of the Lydian Kingdom after the fall of the Hittites and the Kingdom of Phrygia and ends with the balance of power on the death of Alyattes.
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