Warfare will increasingly be urban and occur amongst populations, Dr Christina Spittel and Dr Charles Knight discuss in this episode. The trends towards both greater humanitarian suffering and military difficulty are undeniable. These factors will make urban conflict a theatre of competing narratives as much as competing armies. The evidence is that armies that are unprepared risk their reputations and strategic failure. This research identifies particular challenges, evidence of vexed ADF-media relationships, and makes practical recommendations.