In this episode of Unplucked, host Andy Vance talks with Dr. Lisa Bielke of NC State about what gut health really means in poultry and why bacteria in the gut are not just along for the ride. Dr. Bielke traces her path from early probiotic work to today’s omics era, explains how data is reshaping what we know about the microbiome, and shares why selecting probiotics for specific functions can deliver benefits that go well beyond food safety. The conversation covers emerging challenges in turkeys, including Eimeria and Histomoniasis, and unpacks how behavior, production systems, and regional disease pressure make turkeys a distinct scientific and management puzzle compared to broilers. Together, Andy and Lisa dig into vertical transmission from breeders to chicks, why this early microbial handoff may explain inconsistent probiotic results, and how Salmonella can quietly impair performance through inflammation even when birds look healthy. Dr. Bielke discusses practical ways to measure inflammation, the push to translate lab insights to on-farm decisions, and why the future of microbiome work is not only about disease control but also about improving nutrition and longevity. This episode is packed with great insights and advice for current and future poultry scientists out there. Legal: The information provided in this episode of Unplucked is for informational and educational purposes only and should not be considered professional advice. While we discuss scientific research, public health, and industry practices, this podcast does not substitute for advice from qualified industry and scientific professionals. The views expressed in this episode are solely those of the host and guests and do not necessarily reflect the official opinions of The Poultry Science Association, their respective affiliates, or employees.