This episode of the Deep Dive offers a comparative overview of the earliest known guided meditation instructions originating primarily from the first millennium BCE in India and China. It contrasts the methods, aims, and structure of contemplative practices found in the Upaniṣads, Jain Āgamas, Daoist Nèiyè, and early Buddhist Suttas. The text highlights that while earlier traditions focused on achieving union with the cosmic absolute (Upaniṣads) or purification through asceticism (Jainism), the Buddha introduced a systematic, procedural approach focused on mindful observation of impermanent processes. Ultimately, the source distinguishes between the mantra tradition, which seeks transcendence through concentration, and the Buddhist mindfulness model, which seeks insight through investigation, explaining why the latter serves as the foundation for most modern guided meditation.