It is one of the most unsettling truths about humanity: under certain conditions, good people—those who are compassionate, loving, charitable, and often admired by peers—can commit crimes so horrific that they seem to defy all logic. When faced with such atrocities, society is often quick to label the perpetrator as inherently evil, mentally ill, or irredeemable. Yet the reality is much more complex and disturbing. The psychological, social, and situational factors that can transform ordinary individuals into agents of cruelty offer a sobering glimpse into the human condition and challenge the very foundations of moral certainty.