In part 1 of the series, partner Philip Thomas and associate Voirrey Davies highlighted the importance of cybersecurity in shipping. In part 2, they share tips on how to handle a breach, and provide their thoughts on the future of autonomous shipping. ----more---- Transcript:  Intro: Trading Straits brings legal and business insights at the intersection of the shipping and energy sectors. This podcast series offers trends, developments, challenges and topics of interest from Reed Smith litigation, regulatory and finance lawyers across our network of global offices. If you have any questions about the topics discussed on this podcast, please do contact our speakers. Voirrey: Welcome back to Trading Straits. My name is Voirrey Davies and I am an associate in our transportation industry group based in our London office. I am joined once again today by Philip Thomas, partner in our emerging tech team, also based out of London. And this is our second podcast in our two-part series on shipping and cybersecurity. Just as a brief recap of our last podcast we thought it would be helpful just to go over again the definition of what cybersecurity actually is in the context of what we're talking about so cybersecurity is the steps taken by an organization both with regards to people and technology to prevent cyber attacks from occurring or to minimize their effect and as we talked about in our last podcast this differs from a data breach in various ways which we won't go into again but please feel free to listen to our podcast from last time if you want some more information on that. Our key takeaways from the last podcast were that it's just vital to be prepared ahead of time. You don't want to be dealing with a breach with nothing in place. People are often the weak link in any sector not just within transportation but any industry area and it's not because people seek to act maliciously it's just because hostile parties tend to target people so this is why training and robust policies for everybody in your team which includes people working as we would say at the pointy end so on the ships or driving the planes is of utmost importance and today what we're going to talk about is what happens when, despite all your best efforts, the most robust of policies, there has been a cyber attack and a corresponding cyber breach. I think really what the difficulty is, is trying to think about a cyber attack, because it can have just as big an impact as a physical casualty, like a fire or grounding, but it can be really difficult to envisage how it can actually affect a ship or a port infrastructure or shipping company. I mean, Philip, I don't know about you, but I personally think it's quite difficult to imagine something intangible like a cyber attack. Philip: Absolutely. So I think, I mean, cyber attacks can take very different shapes and forms. In a transportation context, they can have a significant disruptive effect. And as we mentioned on our last podcast, it can even, in some instances, be a matter of life or death, particularly where the attack involves challenges to the safety of personnel. I mean, in terms of real world consequences, there's a raft of things to take into account. First of all, there's the disruption that the incident occurs. There's a cost of remedying it. There's additional management time that could be taken up in trying to resolve it. You've got issues of reputational damage, potentially, because if you're seen to be an organization that suffers or at least is vulnerable to cyber attacks, that can impact your perception in the market. And it can also put you on the radar with regulators for all the wrong reasons. A recent example, although not a cyber attack specifically, was the CrowdStrike outage, which, as many of you will know, exposed the vulnerability of people's IT systems when you're reliant on a single service provider or a limited number of service providers. In that instance, the disruption came