In this episode of TransplantRPh, April discusses the latest updates in endocrinology and diabetes mellitus, including advancements in treatments for primary aldosteronism, diabetic retinopathy, chronic kidney disease, diabetic macular edema, polycystic ovary syndrome, obesity, osteoporosis, Cushing disease, thyroid storm, and Graves' hyperthyroidism. Connect with April on LinkedIn at April Oliveros, YouTube at Pharmacist April, Instagram at PharmacistApril, or via email at aprilfortinoliveros@gmail.com. Don’t miss her new e-book providing a step-by-step guide for foreign pharmacy graduates on becoming pharmacists in the USA! https://stan.store/pharmacistapril Detailed Notes: Monitoring After Negative Confirmatory Testing for Primary Aldosteronism:Repeat testing recommended after at least two years; 20% diagnosed with primary aldosteronism over five years. -No Reduction in Diabetic Retinopathy Incidence with Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation:Omega-3 supplementation does not provide additional benefits for retinopathy prevention. - Subcutaneous Semaglutide and Risk of Kidney Disease Progression:** Significantly reduces major kidney events in patients with type 2 diabetes and CKD. - Extended-Interval Intravitreal Aflibercept Dosing: Higher doses at extended intervals effective for diabetic macular edema. - Continuous Glucose Monitoring: Modestly reduces A1C levels and helps identify glycemic patterns for behavior and pharmacologic therapy adjustments. - Noninsulin Antidiabetic Medications and Pregnancy: No increased frequency of congenital anomalies, but still avoided due to lack of comprehensive safety data. - Inositol Ineffective for PCOS: No significant improvements in metabolic or hormonal measurements. - Risk of Suicide Attempts in PCOS: Higher rate of suicide attempts compared to controls; mental health support needed. - Premature Ovarian Insufficiency and Impaired Sexual Function: Lower sexual function scores; systemic estrogen therapy not effective. - Bariatric Surgery and PCOS: Increases spontaneous ovulatory events and improves cardiometabolic profiles. - Effects of Tirzepatide Discontinuation on Weight: Partial weight regain after discontinuation; long-term treatment may be necessary. - Severe Hypocalcemia with Denosumab Therapy: Higher incidence in dialysis patients; increased monitoring needed. - Risk of Autoimmune Disease After Surgical Cure of Cushing Disease: Higher rate of new-onset autoimmune diseases; long-term monitoring recommended. - Potassium Iodide for Thyroid Storm: Reduces hospital stay and costs; supports use in acute management. - AI Decision Support for Thyroid Nodule Classification: Improves accuracy and consistency; reduces unnecessary biopsies. - Selection of Therapy for Graves' Hyperthyroidism: Shift towards antithyroid drugs; patient preferences and radiation concerns influence treatment choice.