Episode Summary: Explore the Free Energy Principle (FEP), a groundbreaking theory explaining how your brain constantly strives to minimise "surprise" or uncertainty. Discover the two key interacting modes that drive perception, action, and learning, and how their balance is crucial for a smooth experience of the world. We'll also delve into what happens when this balance goes awry, such as in hallucinations, and discuss practical ways to strengthen both modesfor enhanced cognitive flexibility.

Key Discussion Points:

• The Free Energy Principle (FEP): Your Brain as a Predictive Engine

  • The brain's primary goal is to minimise surprise (free energy).
  • It does this by making constant predictions about the world.

• Two Interacting Brain Modes:

  • 1. Generative (Predictive) Model Mode:
  • 2. Predictive Coding (Error Correction) Mode:

• The Goal: Reducing Free Energy & Achieving Balance

  • Smooth perception occurs when the generative model is good and prediction errors are low.
  • High errors necessitate adapting by updating the model (learning) or changing the environment (active inference).
  • This continuous cycle allows efficient perception, action, and learning, reducing uncertainty.

• Hallucinations Through the FEP Lens:

  • Understood as an imbalance between the two modes.
  • Often involves Generative Model overactivity (brain relies too much on internal predictions) and Predictive Coding underactivity (failure to correct wrong predictions with sensory input).
  • Examples include auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia (overactive priors) or visual hallucinations in sensory deprivation (brain filling gaps).

• Strengthening Your Brain's Modes:

  • Generative Model (Prediction Mode): Activities like mental simulation, creativity exercises, pattern recognition games (e.g., chess), and abstract thinking (e.g., learning a new language).
  • Predictive Coding (Error Correction Mode): Activities such as mindfulness, sensory training (e.g., fine-tuned discrimination), active inquiry/skepticism, and body-movement-based learning (e.g., tai chi).
  • Balanced Activities (Improve Both): Music/rhythm training, acting/role-playing, virtual reality/video games, and engaging with unpredictable environments.

• Beyond Sensory Input: The Generative Model's Power:

  • The generative mode can provide accurate knowledge beyond direct sensory input through abstract reasoning, intuition, scientific discovery, creativity, and even dreams.
  • It allows us to infer, imagine, and predict based on our internal model.
  • However, unchecked predictions can lead to errors like hallucinations, cognitive biases, or false memories.

• Dreams and Premonition:

  • Dreams are a mix of generative modeling (simulating realities, reinforcing learning) and predictive error minimisation (processing daily events).
  • Premonition is viewed as advanced cognitive processing, not supernatural. It's the brain making highly refined, unconscious predictions based on subtle cues and past patterns.

• Philosophical Connection: Merleau-Ponty's Phenomenology:

  • Maurice Merleau-Ponty's ideas align with FEP, emphasising perception as an active, embodied engagement with the world, not passive reception.
  • Both perspectives suggest we see the world as our brain predicts it to be, constantly updating through action and experience.