Alejandro sits down with Andrew Harding, Lecturer in Health Inequalities at Lancaster University, to unpack one of realist research’s most defining ideas: Context–Mechanism–Outcome (CMO) configurations.

In this lively and practical conversation, Andy reflects on his decade-long realist journey, from PhD student to supervisor, sharing how CMOs have evolved from textbook theoryto hands-on analytic tools. Together, they explore what it really means to “think with CMOs,” how to avoid common traps when building them, and why flexibility and creativity are vital in realist analysis.

Drawing on real-world examples from his own work on housing and ageing, Andy illustrates how subtle shifts in reasoning and context can reshape outcomes. The discussionmoves beyond formulas, revealing CMO configuration as both method and mindset, a way of thinking that helps researchers make sense of complexity.

Whether you’re new to realism or deep into your thesis, this episode offers clarity, confidence, and a few “light-bulb” moments for anyone trying to decode what makes interventions tick.