In this episode, we examine the critical role of culture in fostering Muslim nationalism and a sense of separatism in pre-partition India. Drawing on Chapter 5 of The Making of Pakistan, we discuss how Muslim culture—rooted in Islamic values and enriched by Persian and Arabic traditions—stood in stark contrast to Hindu culture. Through an analysis of the Hindi-Urdu language controversy, divergent educational philosophies, contrasting literary and philosophical lineages, and distinctive approaches to art and architecture, we uncover how these deep-seated cultural differences laid the foundation for national division. Join us as we explore how culture became not just an expression of identity, but a compelling force for political separation.