In Episode 4 of The Making of Pakistan: Unpacking the Roots of a Nation, we delve into Chapter 3 of K.K. Aziz’s seminal work (pages 70–95), examining the political undercurrents that shaped Muslim nationalism in colonial India. This episode explores how Muslim loyalty to the British post-1857, their historical sense of imperial pride, and the rejection of majority-rule democracy all fed into a separate national consciousness. We also unpack the deep-seated Hindu-Muslim divide—not as a colonial creation, but as a civilizational contrast intensified by Congress's Hindu-leaning politics. Join us as we trace how these dynamics laid the groundwork for the demand for Pakistan.