The Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh is one of the longest-running and most complex territorial disputes in the world. The conflict has its roots in the early 20th century when the two countries were part of the Soviet Union. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Nagorno-Karabakh declared its independence from Azerbaijan, but the declaration was not recognized by the international community. This led to a war between Armenia and Azerbaijan from 1992 to 1994, which ended with a ceasefire and a de facto-independent Nagorno-Karabakh. In recent years, the conflict has flared up again, with both sides accusing each other of ceasefire violations. In 2020, a full-scale war broke out between Armenia and Azerbaijan, which lasted for 44 days and resulted in the deaths of over 6,000 people. The war ended with a Russian-brokered ceasefire that saw Azerbaijan regain control of significant territory in Nagorno-Karabakh. Russia and Turkey play important roles in the Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict. Russia has a military alliance with Armenia and has deployed troops to Nagorno-Karabakh since the end of the 2020 war. Turkey is a close ally of Azerbaijan and has provided military support to the country during the conflict.

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