This episode continues the journey from Part 1, where hosts Amit Prakash and Dheeraj Pandey mapped out AI’s evolution from its inception in the 1950s to the transformative hardware advancements that laid the groundwork for modern machine learning. In Part 2, Amit and Dheeraj pick up the thread to explore the key concepts that have defined AI’s development in the past two decades. They delve into the significance of neural network embeddings, vector representations, and the role of innovative frameworks like TensorFlow and PyTorch, shedding light on how these tools have driven modern AI forward. Listeners will gain unique insights into the breakthroughs that made today’s language models possible—from the introduction of attention mechanisms to the 2017 release of the transformer model, which fundamentally reshaped natural language processing. Amit and Dheeraj also discuss the scaling of AI with powerful hardware, including GPUs, and the impact of transfer learning and reinforcement learning with human feedback (RLHF). This episode is an invaluable listen for anyone curious about the mechanics behind modern AI and the future of intelligent systems.