Chapter 4, "Biopolitics," describes Foucault's concept of power shifting from sovereign power to disciplinary power, which focuses on "invest[ing] life through and through" rather than dealing death.

This disciplinary power, a biopolitical regime, carefully administers bodies and populations by yoking individuals into norms, eliminating deviations, and facilitating industrial production.

However, the chapter argues that this biopolitical approach, which relies on population statistics, is insufficient for understanding the neoliberal regime because it is too crude to penetrate and exploit the deeper layers of the psyche, unlike the digital psychopolitics that emerges later.