Comprehensive overview of the global threat of Foreign Information Manipulation and Interference (FIMI), the challenges posed by AI-driven disinformation, and the spectrum of countermeasures available to democracies. The EEAS report highlights that FIMI threats, particularly from actors like Russia and China, are global in scope, often targeting elections, individuals, and organisations using complex, multi-layered infrastructure and tactics like bot networks and deepfakes amplified primarily on platforms like X. Simultaneously, the Carnegie Endowment report emphasises that there is no single policy solution to disinformation, advocating for a diversified "portfolio approach" that balances immediate actions like fact-checking and content labelling with slower, structural reforms like supporting local journalism and media literacy. Furthermore, the policy and ethics sources discuss how social media algorithms intensify the spread of harmful speech, including health misinformation, asserting that platforms have a moral duty to employ vigorous content moderation and that forthcoming legislation like the EU's AI Act aims to impose transparency and safety requirements on generative AI systems.