Damage to the optic nerve typically causes permanent and potentially severe loss of vision, as well as an abnormal pupillary reflex, which is diagnostically important. The type of visual field loss will depend on which portions of the optic nerve were damaged.

Age related macular degeneration or AMD is a breakdown of the eye’s macula and pretty common in people over the age of 65. The macular is a small area of the retina that is responsible for central vision and seeing fine details.

Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) is a group of genetic disorders, rare (1 in 4,000 people worldwide), that involve the loss and breakdown of rod and cone cells in the retina. RP is an inherited disorder due to harmful mutations in any of more than 50 different genes.