A comprehensive overview of contractual terms, examining their formation, incorporation, interpretation, and modification. The materials explain express terms and the various methods for incorporating them, including signature, notice, and reference to other documents, while also discussing the parol evidence rule and its exceptions. A significant portion details implied terms, differentiating between those implied by common law (like the business efficacy test) and those implied by statute, such as the Sale of Goods Act 1979 and the Consumer Rights Act 2015. The sources further classify terms into conditions, warranties, and innominate terms to determine the appropriate remedy for breach, and explain the treatment of exemption clauses under common law and statutory frameworks like UCTA 1977 and CRA 2015. Finally, the texts cover contractual variation, highlighting the need for fresh consideration for both upward and downward changes, and the role of the equitable doctrine of promissory estoppel in enforcing promises lacking consideration.