Will the stock market crash? With the market continuing to march higher and setting record high after record high, I do worry more and more that a crash could be coming. It doesn’t mean it will happen tomorrow, next week, or maybe even this year, but I do believe the risk to reward of investing in the S&P 500 at this point is not favorable when you take all the data into consideration. I have talked a lot about the fact that the top 10 companies now account for nearly 40% of the entire index and the forward P/E multiple of around 22x is well above the 30-year average of 17x, but there are also less discussed factors that are quite concerning. There is something called the Buffett Indicator that looks at the total US stock market value compared to US GDP. Buffet even made the claim at one point that this was “the best single measure of where valuations stand at any given moment." The problem here is that it now exceeds 200%, which is a historic high and well above even the tech boom when it peaked around 150%. Another concerning measure is the Shiller PE ratio, which looks at the average inflation-adjusted earnings from the previous 10 years in relation to the current price of the index. This is now at a multiple around 39x, which is well above the 30-year average of 28.3 and at a level that was only seen during the tech boom. While valuation isn’t always the best indicator for what will happen in the next year, it has proven to be a successful tool for long term investing. Unfortunately, valuations aren’t my only concern. Margin expansion is even more frightening as the reliance on debt can derail investors. Margin allows investors to buy stocks with debt, but the big problem is if there is a decline and a margin call comes the investor would either have to add more cash or make sells, which causes a further decline in the stock due to added selling pressure. Margin debt has now topped $1 trillion, which is a record, and it has grown very quickly considering there was an 18% increase in margin usage from April to June. This was one of the fastest two month increases on record and rivals the 24.6% increase in December 1999 and the 20.3% increase in May 2007. In case you forgot, both of the periods that followed did not end well for investors. Looking at margin as a share of GDP, it is now higher than during the dot-com bubble and near the all-time high that was reached in 2021. One other concern with the margin level is it does not include securities-based loans, which is another tool that leverages stock positions and if there is a decline could cause added selling pressure. Unfortunately, this data is not as easy to find since they are lumped in with consumer credit. The most recent estimate I could find was in Q1 2024, they totaled $138 billion and with the risk on mentality that has occurred, my assumption is the total would be even higher now. We have to remember that we now are essentially 18 years into a market that has always had a buy the dip mentality. Even pullbacks that occurred in 2020 and 2022 saw rebounds take place quite quickly. This has created a generation of investors that have not actually experienced a difficult market. I always encourage people to study the tech boom and bust as it was devastating for investors. The S&P 500 fell 49% in the fallout from the dotcom bubble and it took about 7 years to recover. Investors in the Nasdaq fared even worse as they saw a 79% drop and it took 15 years to get back to those record levels. Unfortunately, this isn’t the only historical period that saw difficult returns. If you look back to the start of 1964, the Dow was at 874 and by the end of 1981 it gained just one point to 875. This was an extremely difficult period that saw Vietnam War spending, stagflation, and oil shocks, but it again illustrates that difficult markets with little to no advancement can occur. So, with all of this, how are we investing at this time? We are maintaining our value