**Résumé :** Vous avez sûrement déjà entendu parler de Néandertal car c’est l’hominine le plus connu après notre espèce Homo sapiens. Néanmoins, qui dit le plus connu dit aussi celui avec le plus d’informations à debunker. Comme à notre habitude, nous revenons sur plusieurs idées reçues dans ce nouvel épisode un peu spécial car il a été enregistré lors de l’édition 2024 de Podrennes. **Un podcast du label Podcut.** **Bibliographie :** WiBing et al., “Stable isotopes reveal patterns of diet and mobility in the last Neandertals and first modern humans in Europe”, Nature, 2019. “First data of Neandertal bird and carnivore exploitation in the Cantabrian region”, Nature, 2018. “ The Ice Age diet of the La Quina 5 Neandertal of southwest France”, L’Anthropologie, 2022. “Dietary reconstruction of the El Sidron Neandertal familial group (Spain) in the context of other Neandertal and modern hunter-gatherer groups. A molar microwear texture analysis”, Journal of Human Evolution, 2017. “Isotopic calcium biogeochemistry of MIS5 fossil vertebrate bones: application to the study of the dietary reconstruction of Regourdou I Neandertal fossil”, Journal of Human Evolution, 2021 “The exploitation of rabbits for food and pelts by last interglacial Neandertals”, Quaternary Science Reviews, 2019. “The evidence from Vindija Cave (Croatia) reveals the diversity of Neandertal behaviour in Europe”, Quaternary International, 2018 “Leporids as a potential resource for predators (hominins, mammalian carnivores, raptors) : An example of mixed contribution from level III of Teixneres Cave (MIS 3, Barcelona, Spain), C. R. Paleovol 13, 2014. “Human consumption of tortoises at Level IV of Bolomor Cave (Valencia, Spain), Journal of Archaeological Science, 2008. “Neanderthal exploitation of marine mammals in Gibraltar”, PNAS, 2008 “Lithic techno-complexes in Italy from 50 to 39 thousand years BP: an overview of lithic technological changes across the Middle-Upper Palaeolithic boundary”, Quaternary International, 2020 “Regional behaviour among late Neanderthal groups in Western Europe: a comparative assessment of late Middle Palaeolithic bifacial tool variability”, Journal of Human Evolution, 2013 Histoire d’Ancêtre Livre Néandertal/ Cro-Magnon la rencontre “A pathological Neandertal thumb phalanx from Moula-Guercy (France), International Journal of Paleopathology, 2023 Capellini, T., Chen, H., Cao, J., et al., 2017. Ancient selection for derived allele at a GDF5 enhancer influencing human growth and osteoarthritis risk. Nat. Genet. 49, 1202-1210. Hyperostosis frontalis interna in a Neandertal from Marillac (Charente, France), JHE, 2014. “Shanidar 3 Neandertal rib puncture wound and paleolithic weaponry”, JHE, 2009. Patterns of trauma among the Neandertals, Journal of Archaeological Science, 1995. Marquet et al., « The earliest unambiguous Neanderthal engravings on cave walls : La Roche-Cotard, Loire Valley, France », PLOS ONE, 2023 Tillier et al., « Les sépultures néanderthaliennes du Proche-Orient : état de la question », Colloque Préhistoire Levant, Editions du CNRS, 1989 William Rendu, « Evidence supporting an intentional Neandertal burial at La Chapelle-aux-Saints, 2013, PNAS Francesco d’Errico, “Pigments, gravures, parures : les comportement symboliques controversés des Néandertaliens, 2007 Peresani et al., “Late Neandertals and the intentional removal of feathers as evidenced from bird bone taphonomy at Fumane Cave 44 ky B.P., Italy”, 2011, PNAS Langley et al., “Behavioural complexity in Eurasian Neanderthal populations : a chronological examination of the archaeological evidence”, Cambridge Archaeological journal, 2008. Caron et al., « The reality of Neandertal symbolic behavior at the Grotte du Renne, Arcy-sur-Cure, France”, 2011, PlosOne **Timecode :** 00:00:00 Générique et Introduction 00:01:57 Pourquoi on parle de Néandertal ? 00:02:21 Néandertal et Homo sapiens sont 2 espèces différentes ? 00:03:15 Pourtant on s’est métissé avec Néand