John Krystal, Chair of the Department of Psychiatry at Yale, joins Brandon Li to discuss his groundbreaking work on ketamine's antidepressant effects and the evolving landscape of psychiatric treatments. Dr. Krystal was at the forefront of the discovery of ketamine's rapid antidepressant properties in the 1990s. Dr. Krystal shares insights from his career - his pioneering work on the rapid antidepressant effects of ketamine, exploring its journey from a misunderstood drug to a revolutionary treatment backed by rigorous research, its development into a treatment by Johnson & Johnson, and its dramatic impact on patients. The conversation also explores the future of psychiatric research, addressing the convergence of neurobiology, psychotherapy, and neuromodulation to create more effective, personalized treatments for disorders like schizophrenia and depression.