• Tool sprawl reality: enterprises run 130+ tools using only 10-20% of capabilities; engineers manage 16-40 monitoring tools causing $71K/year in context-switching costs per person • The hidden cost equation: that ”free” custom solution costs $150K/year in maintenance (one engineer @ 30% time)—buying costs $50K but saves $100K annually • Security spending paradox: global spend hits $261B by 2025, yet 40% of breaches still exploit known vulnerabilities—throwing money at tools doesn’t fix process problems • Build vs buy framework: consolidation is inevitable (economics don’t support 130-tool portfolios); start with one area, prove value with metrics that matter (MTTR, deployment frequency) • Real ROI metrics: forget cost per incident—track time-to-resolution, developer satisfaction, deployment frequency, and MTTR; these predict business outcomes traditional metrics miss