Xu et al.'s 2022 paper investigates the wake and turbulence properties of aquaculture nets using numerical methods. The research compares nets constructed with twisted twines to those approximated as smooth cylinders, examining the impact of twine helixes on flow characteristics. The study uses unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) and Reynolds stress model (RSM) simulations to assess wake structures and turbulence at a subcritical Reynolds number. Key findings highlight stronger wake interactions and distinct vortex formations behind twisted-twine nets compared to equivalent-twine nets. The presence of helixes reduces turbulence kinetic energy, influencing drag forces on the nets. REF:

Xu, L., Li, P., Qin, H., Xu, Z., 2022. Numerical studies on wake and turbulence characteristics of aquaculture nets. Front. Mar. Sci. 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.1055873