In this episode, Dr Happymon Jacob discusses the looming crisis in Afghanistan post-US withdrawal with Tamanna Salikuddin (Director of South Asia Programs at the United States Institute of Peace). Ms Salikuddin provides a succinct assessment of the 20-year-long US war on terror in Afghanistan, its consequences and unfolding implications. She highlights the US successes in counterterrorism while acknowledging failures vis-à-vis the larger goal of nation-building. Her prognosis of the Afghan scenario post-US withdrawal is grim. On Taliban’s evolution over the past two decades, she maintains that they are not a monolith, and finds them militarily stronger, economically more resilient, and diplomatically deft but no less puritanical or regressive in their social outlook. She argues that a political settlement that includes the Taliban and other actors presents the best case scenario for Afghanistan, failing which the country could descend into chaos.