The origin of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) has long been one of the central open questions in astroparticle physics. We dive into fascinating new research suggesting that the answer lies not in distant, powerful sources, but in **rare, stellar transients (like neutron star mergers) occurring right here in our neighboring galaxies**.

**Key Takeaways:**

* **Nearby Dominance:** The UHECR flux above 25 EeV is shown to be largely **dominated by just ten nearby galaxies located within 8 Mpc** of the Milky Way. This local overdensity strongly enhances the contribution of these close systems.

* **Explaining Hotspots:** This nearby transient model naturally accounts for the observed anisotropies in UHECR arrival directions. A remarkable finding is that seven of the ten brightest predicted galaxies coincide with the UHECR "hotspots" reported by the Telescope Array (TA) and the Pierre Auger Observatory (Auger), an overlap with a low chance probability ($p \simeq 0.003$).

* **Spectral Tension Resolved:** The model explains persistent differences in energy spectra between the Northern sky (TA) and the Southern sky (Auger). The **dominant role of the nearby Andromeda galaxy** in the Northern sky accounts for the TA spectrum being harder and extending to higher energies.

* **Constraining Cosmic Magnetism:** Because the sources are nearby, the observed angular size of the UHECR hotspots reflects particle deflection in turbulent extragalactic magnetic fields (EGMF). This constraint implies an EGMF strength of approximately **1 nG**.

* **Composition and Time Delays:** The transient nature of the sources means that magnetic delays stretch the arrival times of cosmic rays based on their rigidity (E/Z). This effect explains why the observed composition becomes progressively heavier at the highest energies, and why individual species dominate within narrow energy intervals.

**Conclusion:**

This framework offers concrete, testable predictions for future experiments like AugerPrime and TA$\times$4, including the expected skew toward heavier nuclei in the flux from nearby galaxies and the potential appearance of proton hotspots at lower energies.

**Article Reference:**

This research is drawn from the paper: **"Rare Transients in Nearby Galaxies Explain Ultra–high–energy Cosmic Rays"** by I. Bartos and M. Kowalski (Excerpts from arXiv:2510.06193v1).

Acknowledements: Podcast prepared with Google/NotebookLM. Illustration credits: Osaka Metropolitan University/L-INSIGHT, Kyoto University/Ryuunosuke Takeshige