How does HIV evolve, and what role does gut health play in its progression? In this episode of Microbe Matters, we sit down with Dr. Cristian Apetrei to unravel some of the biggest questions in HIV research. From tracing the virus’s origins through molecular clocks to studying non-human primates for breakthrough discoveries, Dr. Apetrei shares how decades of research have reshaped our understanding of HIV pathogenesis. We’ll explore the unexpected connection between gut health and chronic inflammation in people living with HIV, the ethical dilemmas of animal research, and the development of SHIV models that are bridging the gap between laboratory studies and human treatments. Plus, find out what a Barnes & Noble cookbook section and a McDonald's diet taught researchers about immune function.