Iodine is the primary element for the synthesis of thyroid hormones (THs) in the human body. Both iodine deficiency and excess can trigger various pathological conditions. From conception to adulthood, inadequate iodine intake can lead to functional impairments and developmental anomalies in various organs, including the brain. On the other hand, iodine excess is also undesirable as it can cause thyroid gland dysfunction and diseases such as hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, goiter, and autoimmune conditions.
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