In this episode Mark discusses the importance of understanding market valuation to navigate the current financial landscape. Mark explains the differences between being a shareholder and a bondholder and dives deep into the concept of the Price to Earnings (PE) ratio and its significance in evaluating stocks.  He explains how to calculate the PE ratio of the S&P 500 Index and compares it historically. Mark also introduces the cyclically adjusted PE ratio (CAPE ratio) to account for market fluctuations and discusses the Earnings Yield compared to the 10-year Treasury yield.  He provides insights into various valuation models and their current relevance. Mark wraps up by sharing Warren Buffett's wisdom on market fluctuations and encourages investors to maintain a long-term perspective, particularly during market corrections. If you would like your question answered on the show, please send an email to Mark@MarksMoneyMind.com and put “podcast question” in the subject line. Episode Links: Mark’s Money Mind YouTube Channel Reply on Your Investment Policy Statement During Rocky Markets | Episode 040 Current Market Valuation website 1997 Berkshire Hathaway Chairman’s Letter Timestamps: 00:51 Understanding Share Ownership and Earnings 03:26 Valuing the Market: Price to Earnings Ratio 07:56 Historical Context and Market Valuation 10:36 Alternative Valuation Models and Treasury Yields 21:44 Warren Buffet's Wisdom on Market Fluctuations 26:47 Conclusion and Final Thoughts